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VCE BIO AOS 1 OUTCOME 2 > Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell cycle > Flashcards

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell cycle Flashcards

1
Q

Steps of binary fission

A

.DNA replication- DNA, chromosomes and plasmids mutiple

Elongation-doubles in length and the duplicated DNA moves to opposite ends of the cell

Septum forms between the cells, cell undergoes cytokinesis and pulls in the cell membrane and cell wall

CYTOKINESIS-
2 new cell walls and membrane are formed in centre of the cell

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2
Q

cytokinesis

A

when the cytoplasm divides into two and 2 seperaet cells form

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3
Q

mitosis

A

Separation of sister chromatids and the formation of two nuclei

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4
Q

Interphase

A

Synthesis of DNA, organelles and proteins needed for replication

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5
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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6
Q

prophase-what happens to nuclear envelop, what happens to chromatin and what do centrioles produce and where do they move to

A

Nuclear envelope starts to disappear
Chromatin condenses
centrioles produce from spinlde fibres and migrate to oppostire sides of the cell

contains 46 chromosomes and chromatids

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7
Q

Telophase- what do chorosmomes do, what forms, what happens to chromatin, what happens to nuclear envelope and what other process occurs and how many chromaitds are there during this phase

A

chromosomes cluster on opposite sides of the cell and two sepereate nucleus form

chromatin become visible no longer an x shape)

Nuclear envelope reappereaa

cytokinesis happens

clevage burrow forms

contains 92 chromatids

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8
Q

How many chromosomes are there in a cell after mitosis is completed(after telophase)

A

46 chromosomes and 92 chromatids

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9
Q

is mitosis sexual or asexual reproduction

A

both

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10
Q

When a complete chromsome(shaped as an x) spilts into two, what is it now called

A

chromatid

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11
Q

How many chromotids in a chromsoem

A

2 chromatids

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12
Q

how many chromatids in 2 chromosome

A

4 chromatids

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13
Q

centromere

A

holds the chromatids together

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14
Q

What is the longest stage of the cell cycle

A

interphase

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15
Q

3 sub phases of interphase

A

Gap 1(G1)
Sythensis phase(S phase)
Gap 2(G2)

G0 (resting phase) if further cell replication is not required

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16
Q

What is mitosis required for/ the purpose of cell division is

A

replacement of damaged cells in muticelluar eukaryotic organsims

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17
Q

what is the G1 phase involved in, what is being duplicated, what happens to the volume of cytsol in the G1 phase, why are proteins created in the G1 phase, why are orangalles replicated in the G1 phase,

A

Involved in the growth of a cell

all cells are duplicated besides chromsomes

volume of cystol increases

Proteins are created for DNA replication

organelles are replicated to prepare for replication

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18
Q

G1 phase

A

process to make the cell complete again and duplication of celluar contents besides chromsomes

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19
Q

G2 phase

A

monitors DNA duplications for growth and preparation for mitosis

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20
Q

G0 phase andexamples

A

phase of cell cycle where cell is not dividing or being prepared to mutiple

eg.brain cells or heart cells

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21
Q

What kind of cells are in the G0 phase, what are cells like and do in the G0 phase and some cells in this phase are what

A

cells that are not going to be duplicated are in the G0 phase

The cells in the G0 phase are dormant and can re enter the cell cycle eg. liver and regenerating

Some cells in this phase f damaged cannot be replaced or repaired(terminally deferinated)

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22
Q

S Phase

A

involved in the synthesis and replication of dna to produce two identical sister DNA chromatids

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23
Q

How are sister chromatids held togehter

A

centromere

24
Q

somatic cells

A

cells in the body that are constantly regenerating (excludin sperm and egg)

25
Q

Somatic cells in humans are what

A

diploid(two sets of chrosomomes)

26
Q

sister chrosomes are regarded as

A

a single chromosome which spereate in mitosis

27
Q

Is G2 phase the first or final stage of interphase, what do cells do for mitosis in G2, what happens to the volume of cytsoll and what is synthesised

A

final stage of interphase

cell grows and prepares for mitossi

volume of cytosl increases

proteins required for mitosis are sythensised

28
Q

What does prophase do to form chrosomes, what happens to the nucleus

A

Chromatin condenses to form distinct chromosomes and nuclear membrane breaks down

29
Q

METAPHASE-What happens to sister chromatids and chrosomes in metaphase

A

Spindle fibres fully form and attach to the centromere of each sister chromatid

sister chromatids align along the equator

30
Q

ANAPHASE-what happens to sister chromatids in anaphase and what forms annd what spilts

A

Sister chromatids are pulled by spindle fibres from the centromere to opposite sides of the cell

DNA spilts

31
Q

What happens to nuclear membrane and spindle fibres and chromatin in telophase

A

Two nuclear membrane forms

Spindle fibres disintegrate

chromosomes decondense.

32
Q

Difference of cytokinesis in animals and plants

A

in the cytokinesis of animals Cleavage furrow develops and pinches the plasma membrane into two cells

in the cytookensis of plantsA cell plate first forms before separating into two cells

33
Q

Why do the 3 checkpoints/phases occur and what happens if errors are detected

A

occur for the cell to inspect for any errors before proceeding to the next stage.

If errors are detected, repair or apoptosis may result.

34
Q

Diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes in a orgnaisms cell(46 chroomes total)

35
Q

haploid

A

single set of DNA in organisms cell that contains 23 chroosmes

36
Q

Where is a hapeloid found

A

in a gamete

37
Q

terminus

A

the end of the DNA

38
Q

homologous chrosomem

A

a pair of chromosomes, with exact same DNA howeverv one chrosome is maternal and another paternal

39
Q

function of centromere

A

holds together the sister chromatids

40
Q

In what stages is the nucleus visible and invisble

A

in prophase nucleus is visible but at the end of prohpahse it is invisible

In telophase nucleus becomesvisible

41
Q

what do centrioles do

A

produce spindle fibres

42
Q

what do spindle fibres do

A

they pull the chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell

43
Q

how many chromsomes in the nucleus

A

46 chromsomes

44
Q

What two process occur during interphase and are required for mitosis ot take place

A

growth and replication

45
Q

Why are roots good for studying the cell cycle

A

at any given time, you can find cells that are undergoing mitosis.

46
Q

In what stage do chroems disperse and are no longer visible under light micoscroe

A

metaphase

47
Q

In what phase does DNA duplicate to prepare for mitosis

A

S phase

48
Q

How long does it take for mitosis to complete?

A

mitosis and cytokinesis last only about an hour,

95% of cell cycle is in interphase

49
Q

Why will most of the cells you view be in interphase

A

Cell growth, DNA sythensis and replication of choromes takes place

50
Q

difference purspoes of mitosis in eukaryotes single celled vs mutlicelluar eukaryotes

A

in single celled eukayrotes the purpose of mitosis is reproudction whilst in mutlicelluar eukaryotes it is growth and repair of tissues

51
Q

what kind are pairs are chromomes in, how main pairs in humans and are the chromsomes linear or ciruclar and what are they composed of

A

homologous pair, 23 pairs in humans and are linear and chromsomes are made of chromatin

52
Q

kinetochore

A

A kinetochore is the patch of protein found on the centromere of each chromatid. It is where the chromatids are tightly connected.

53
Q

when does Endoplamsic reicutlum and ribsomes get produced, and how does mitochondria and chorlpast priduce

A

during G1 phase and G2 phase of interphase

mitchondria nad chloroplasts produce through binary fission, independelty of mitosis

54
Q

when do spindle fibres shorten

A

metaphase

55
Q

telophase

A

chromatin decondenses
nucela envelope starts to reappear
clevaeg furrow forms
2 new cells walls and cell membranes found
cell undergoes cytokinesis

VCE BIO AOS 1 OUTCOME 2 (4 decks)

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