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1.4 Developmental Psychology > 1. Biological Base > Flashcards

1. Biological Base Flashcards

1
Q

Hierarchy of size

A

nucleus - chromosomes - DNA - genes

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

Thread-like structures
Every cell has 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs
23 pairs - one half of the pair from each parent
Contain DNA

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3
Q

DNA

A

Complex molecule
Double helix shape
Chain of nucleotides
Contains genetic information

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4
Q

DNA bases

A

AT GC - have to be paired this way
Made of nitrogen

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5
Q

Nucleotides

A

phosphate + sugar + base = nucleotide

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6
Q

Genes

A
  • Short sections of DNA
  • Units of hereditary information
  • Help cells reproduce & assemble proteins (building blocks of cells)
  • Each have specific locations
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7
Q

Mitosis

A

The process by which the nucleus of the cell duplicates & divides to create two genetically identical daughter cells

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8
Q

Mitosis process

A
  1. Chromosomes duplicate (becoming the X)
  2. Move to opposite ends of the nucleus
  3. Nucleus divides
    see diagram
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9
Q

Meiosis

A

The process by which germ cells divide, creating two genetically unique gametes with half the chromosomes of the original cell (23 from 46)

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10
Q

Germ cell

A

Cells that produce gametes

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11
Q

Gametes

A

Sperm and ova cells

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12
Q

Meiosis Process

A
  1. 46 chromosomes are duplicated
  2. Crossing-over
  3. Duplicated chromosomes divided into 2 cells (each with 46 chromosomes)
  4. New cells divide again
    Result: 4 cells with 23 single/unpaired chromosomes
    Either sperm or ova
    see diagram
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13
Q

Crossing-over

A

Genetic material is exchanged between pairs of chromosomes
1. Duplicated chromosomes break at one of more points and swap pieces with adjacent pairs

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14
Q

Hereditary uniqueness/independent assortment

A

Children receive 23 unpaired chromosomes from each parent, combining to given them a unique combination of 46
- There are trillions of possible combinations & distributions
- Down to chance which unpaired chromosomes go into what cells
- Includes the newly merged chromosomes from crossing over

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15
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

One cell split into 2

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16
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Two cells released at the same time

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17
Q

Female sex chromosome

A

XX
Ova only have X chromosomes

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18
Q

Male sex chromosome

A

XY
Sperm have either X or Y chromosomes

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19
Q

First trimester

A

Zygote
Embryo
Fetus

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20
Q

Zygote - week 1

A

Singular celled zygote divides into a blastocyst

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21
Q

Zygote - week 2

A

Blastocyst implants into uterine wall

Structures begin to form:
- Amnion
- Chorion
- Yolk sac
- Placenta
- Umbilical cord
Nourish & protect the cell

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22
Q

Embryo - 3-4 weeks

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Heart

Rudimentary structures (to become)
- Eyes
- Ears
- Nose
- Mouth
- Limbs

1/4 inches

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23
Q

Embryo - 5-8 weeks

A

External structures form
- Eyes
- Ears
- Limbs

Organogenesis - internal organs form

Abilities
- Produces its own blood
- Can move

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24
Q

Fetus - 9-12 weeks

A

First trimester

Rapid growth & interconnection of organ systems lead to
- Body & limb movements
- Swallowing
- Urination
- Digestion
External genitalia form

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25
Q

Fetus - 13-24 weeks

A

Second trimester

  • Rapid growth
  • Movements felt by mother
  • Heartbeat can be heard
  • Covered by vernix
  • Reacts to bright lights & sounds
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26
Q

Fetus - 25-28 weeks

A
  • Growth continues
  • Organ systems mature
  • Age of viability reached
  • Predictable sleep cycles & motor activity
  • Fat layer under skin develops
  • Less activity, more sleep
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27
Q

Blastocyst

A

ball of cells formed when the fertilized egg begins to divide

28
Q

Teratogens

A

external agents harmful to a developing embryo/fetus, such as viruses, chemicals, radiation or drugs

29
Q

The sensitive-period principle

A

Teratogen effects on a body parts or organs are worse when said structure is at its fastest point of growing/forming

30
Q

The individual-difference principle

A

Embryos/fetuses are not equally susceptible to damage
Dependent on genetics & prenatal environment quality
1. Genotype of mother and child affects influence

31
Q

The dosage principle

A

Longer exposure and/or higher dosage leads to more serious damage

32
Q

The sleeper effect principle

A

Damage caused by a teratogen that are not apparent until later periods in a child’s life

33
Q

Fetal Alcohol System (FAS)

A
  • Affecting babies with mothers who drank
  • Microcephaly (small head)
  • Heart, limb, joint & face malformations
  • Smaller & weigh less, lag behind peers in physical growth
  • Irritability, tremors, hyperactivity, seizures
34
Q

Fetal Alcohol Effects

A

Poor growth, minor physical abnormalities, poor motor skills, attention issues, lower intellectual performance, verbal learning deficits

Can be triggered by occasional social drinking, drinking binge (5+ drinks)
No period of vulnerability

35
Q

Cigarettes

A

Smaller
Respiratory infections & diseases

First trimester - cleft lip or missing cleft palate

ADHD - nicotine

36
Q

Aspirin & diet pills

A

Lower birth weight, IQ & motor control

37
Q

Caffeine

A
  • Higher risk of miscarriage
  • Low birth weights
  • Lower IQ
  • Poor motor control
38
Q

Marijuana

A
  • Impaired function of basal nucleus (amygdala which regulates emotional behaviour
  • Lower cognitive abilities (reading, spelling etc.)
  • Anxiety & depression
  • Smaller on average
39
Q

Heroin, methadone & other addictive narcotic agents

A

Withdrawal symptoms (child)
Miscarriage, premature birth, infant death

40
Q

Cocaine

A
  • Increased fetal blood pressure & decreased flow of nutrients & oxygen across placenta
  • Miscarriage, premature birth
  • Lower IQ scores, language development & other learning & attention skills
    Emotional bonding - babies fail to develop secure ties to their primary caregivers
41
Q

Longest period of susceptibility to structural defects

A

Central nervous system
16 weeks

42
Q

Period of susceptibility

A

table

43
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities

A

A gamete having too many or too few chromosomes due to uneven distribution during cell division
The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes, are commonly affected

44
Q

Autosomal

A

the 22 pairs of chromosomes similar in men and women

45
Q

Autosomal abnormalities

A

A gamete carrying an extra chromosome forms a zygote with 47 chromosomes
- 22 pairs and one group of 3
Down syndrome

46
Q

Down syndrome

A
  • Mild/moderate intellectual impairment
  • Some characteristic physical features
  • Likelihood of bearing a child with Down syndrome increases with age (16-34, it’s less likely)
47
Q

Genetic abnormalities

A
  • Dominant
    • One allele is enough to pass it on
  • Recessive
    • Two alleles must be paired to pass it on

Also can be caused by mutations - changes to chemical structures

48
Q

Congenital defect

A

Problem present (not necessarily apparent) at birth, stemming from genetic, chromosomal or prenatal influences

49
Q

Dichotomous traits

A

Can only occur in one form or another, not combined e.g. brown hair or blonde hair

50
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable traits e.g. hair colour

51
Q

Genotype

A

unobservable, genetic material e.g. what recessive genes you carry

52
Q

*Single-gene inheritance

A
53
Q

*Co-dominance

A

Two dominant genes

54
Q

Sex-linked inheritance

A
  1. Gene is linked to either the X or the Y chromosome
  2. X-linked diseases are mostly male
    1. XX can counteract but XY cannot
55
Q

Poly-X

A

triple X pattern, normal in appearance, fertile, only in females
1/1000

56
Q

Poly-X

A

only in males, 1/1000

57
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

extra X chromosomes, underdeveloped testes, enlarged breasts, intellectual & cognitive impairment
1/600

58
Q

Turner’s syndrome/X0

A

One X, one is missing or partially deleted, infertile, only occurs in females
1/2500 female births
Least common

59
Q

Fragile X Syndrome

A

Abnormality in the X chromosome, prominent ears, long face, prominent in both females and males, more common in males

60
Q

*PKU

A

What is it?
1/10-20,000, not linked to sex chromosomes so not more male or female carriers

61
Q

Sickle-cell anemia

A

Malaria
commonly seen in African Americans, mostly recessive
1/500 - most common

62
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

Genetic disease, doesn’t appear until later in life (around 40), dominant gene, chance of your offspring getting it is 50%
Don’t live more than 15 years after symptoms first begin to appear

63
Q

Three Layers of the Embryo

A

Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm

64
Q

Endoderm

A

The inner layer – develops into digestive & respiratory systems

65
Q

Mesoderm

A

middle layer – develops into the circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system & reproductive system

66
Q

Ectoderm

A

outermost layer – becomes the nervous system, brain, sensory receptors & skin parts

1.4 Developmental Psychology (12 decks)

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