Bioenegetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

An endothermic reaction where a light energy is transferred by chloroplasts to produce glucose

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2
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water —> glucose +oxygen

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3
Q

What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O→C6H12O6 + 6 O2

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4
Q

Where in a plant does photosynthesis take place?

A

Inside chloroplasts in plant cells

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5
Q

Do all cells have chloroplasts

A

No, only the ones that receive light

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6
Q

Which plant cells have the most chloroplasts?

A

The cells that receive the most light…the palisade mesophyll cells in leaves

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7
Q

What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • Light intensity
    -Carbon dioxide concentration
    -Temperature
    -Amount of chlorophyll
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8
Q

Why does temperature affect photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is a process that uses enzymes. If the enzymes get warmer photosynthesis happens at a faster rate, but if the enzymes get too hot they will denature and the photosynthesis will stop

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9
Q

What other the organisms photosynthesise?

A

Algae pondweed and seaweed, as well as some bacteria. If there is a chloroplast, it will absorb light energy and photosynthesise.

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10
Q

What is the inverse square law?

A

The light energy, reaching a certain point is equal to the inverse square of the direction. To that point, we can tear distance into light intensity by using one/d squared

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11
Q

Why does anyone care about the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Anyone producing food crops will want to maximise profit. Adding in lighting, carbon dioxide or heat into a greenhouse/glasshouse will give faster growth, but may cost more so may not be worth doing.

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12
Q

What is glucose produced in photosynthesis used for?

A

Respiration by all living cells.
Also, some is converted into starch, fat/oils Celulose, an amnio acids.

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13
Q

Why do plants store glucose as starch?

A

Starch is insoluble so doesn’t affect osmosis.
Also it is more compact so it’s easier to store large amounts.
The starch is used by cells as a source of glucose for respiration when it is dark

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14
Q

Why do plants convert some glucose into oils?

A

Seeds have oils stored in them as the energy supply for the new plants start to grow germinate

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15
Q

Why do plants convert glucose into Celulose?

A

Cell walls are made of Celulose is a strong and help support the plant. all plant cells have cell walls

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16
Q

Why do plants convert glucose into amnio acids?

A

Amnio acids are the building blocks of protein (for growth and repair)
plants need a amnio acids for protein synthesis (plants are responsible for producing many of the amnio acids that we rely on too.)

17
Q

What else do plants need for glucose to turn into amino acids?

A

Glucose contains elements of CHO
Amnio acids contain CHON
Plants need to get nitrate ions from the soil to make amnio acids.

18
Q

What is respiration?

A

An exothermic reaction where energy is released from glucose molecules. It happens continuously in all living cells.

19
Q

Why do all living cells Need to respire?

A

Living cells need an energy supply for all the processes they carry out e.g. chemical reactions, keeping warm and movement. Without this energy supply cells will die.

20
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

Aerobic and anaerobic

21
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide +water
plus energy is transferred but is not chemical so can’t go into a chemical equation

22
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose —> lactic acid
Plus energy is transferred…not as much as aerobic as it is not efficient due to the oxidation of glucose being incomplete

23
Q

Is all anaerobic respiration the same?

A

No the equation above is for equalisation in muscles

24
Q

What is the anaerobic word equation for respiration in plants and yeast cells

A

Glucose —> ethanol +carbon dioxide

25
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration sometimes called fermentation?

A

Fermentation is just an anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast, and is economically important as it is how we produce bread and alcoholic drinks

26
Q

What happens to respiration when we exercise?

A

respiration increases as our cells require more energy

27
Q

What happens to the heart rate when respiration increases?

A

Heart rate increases so the blood circulates faster. This helps supply more oxygen and glucose to the muscle cells and removes lactic acid more quickly.

28
Q

What happens to breathing rate when respiration increases?

A

Breathing rate increases so that more oxygen enters the blood. This also help supply more oxygenated blood to the muscle cells and removes carbon dioxide more quickly to

29
Q

What happens to breath volume when respiration increases?

A

Each breath volume is bigger as we breathe more deeply during exercise. This also helps supply more oxygenated blood to the muscle cells.

30
Q

What if not enough oxygen gets to the muscle cells?

A

Anaerobic respiration will start to take place as well as aerobic with whatever oxygen is delivered to the muscle cells. Lactic acid levels will start to build up creating an oxygen debt.

31
Q

What is the problem with lactic acid buildup?

A

Cells become fatigued. If there is too much lactic acid produced, they will stop contracting efficiently.

32
Q

What happens to the lactic acid?

A

Flowingthrough the muscles transport to the liver, where is converted back to glucose. Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen needed to reacts with the lactic acid to remove it.

33
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The sum of all the reactions in a cell or body

34
Q

What is the energy transferred from respiration used for?

A

Building up new molecules using enzymes inside the cells

35
Q

Does metabolism includes carbohydrate production?

A

Yes, converting glucose and starch, Celulose and glycogen

36
Q

Does metabolism include lipid production?

A

Yes, joining three fatty acids and one glycerol to make lipid molecule a fat or an oil

37
Q

Does metabolism include protein production?

A

Yes, using glucose and nitrate ions to form amino acids and then joining them to synthesise proteins

38
Q

What else is a metabolic process?

A

Respiration itself as a metabolism process. Also excess proteins are broken down in the liver to form urea which is excreted.