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GCSE Biology > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic building block of life

A

Cells

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and function

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3
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues working together to
carry out a function.

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4
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to carry out a
function.

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5
Q

What is an organism?

A

A living thing made of organ systems working
together.

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6
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

An organ system which works to digest food and
absorb the nutrients into the bloodstream.

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7
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalysts, made of protein that speed up reactions.
In the digestive system enzymes break down large
molecules into small soluble ones.

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8
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

They have a specific active site that allows them to bind and react with specific substrate molecules.

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9
Q

What does optimum mean?

A

The temperature or pH that allows the enzyme to
work at it’s fastest rate.

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10
Q

What does denature mean?

A

If the shape of the active site changes, no substrate can bind. The enzyme can no longer work when it’s active site is denatured.

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11
Q

What can denature an enzyme active
site?

A

Temperatures that are too high and extreme pH can
both make the active site change shape and become
denatured. This is permanent.

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12
Q

Can low temperatures denature enzymes?

A

No, the enzyme will not change shape if cold but has
low kinetic energy so there will be a slower rate of
reaction. This is reversible.

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13
Q

What are the enzymes in digestion?

A

Amylase (and other carbohydrases), protease and
lipase.

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14
Q

What does amylase do?

A

It is a carbohydrase that breaks down starch into
sugars. It is produced in the salivary glands (in the
mouth).

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15
Q

What do proteases do?

A

Break down proteins into amino acids. They are
produced in the stomach and pancreas.

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16
Q

What do lipase do?

A

Break down lipids (fats and oils) into fatty acids and
glycerol. They are produced in the small intestine.

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17
Q

What do carbohydrases do?

A

Break down sugars into glucose. Amylase is a type of carbohydrase, but there are others in the small intestine too.

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18
Q

Why do we need to digest foods?

A

Only small soluble molecules can enter the
bloodstream. Enzymes break large molecules into
molecules small enough to be soluble.

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19
Q

What do we do with the digested products?

A

Cells build new proteins, carbohydrates and lipids with the molecules we have digested.
Some glucose is used in respiration too.

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20
Q

What other chemicals are in the Hydrochloric acid is found in the stomach digestive system?

A

Bile (made in the liver and stored in the gall
bladder) is found in the small intestine.

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21
Q

What does hydrochloric acid do?

A

Kills some bacteria on the food we ate.

Also provide the optimum pH for stomach enzymes (proteases) to work at a fast rate

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22
Q

What does bile do?

A

Bile is alkaline, so neutralises hydrochloric acid.

Also it emulsifies fat droplets, giving a larger surface area for lipase enzymes to work.

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23
Q

What is a qualitative food test?

A

A test that shows if a substance is there or not. A qualitative test doesn’t give a measurement result, just a change of colour. It can be hard to decide if one food has more of a substance than another.

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24
Q

What is the test for sugars?

A

When sugary food/drink is heated with Benedict’s reagent,

It turns from blue to brick red (or green).
This shows sugar is present.

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25
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

When iodine is added to starchy food, It turns from
orange to blue-black. This shows starch is present.

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26
Q

What is the test for protein?

A

When Biuret reagent is added to food/drink containing protein,

it turns from pale blue to lilac.
This shows protein is present.

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27
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The rate at which molecules are broken down during digestion and built into new molecules by cells.
Sometimes called metabolic rate.

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28
Q

What does the heart do/

A

It is an organ that contracts to pump blood around
the body and to the lungs. It is a double pump.

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29
Q

Why is the heart called a double pump?

A

The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs for gas
exchange. The left ventricle pumps blood to the
of the body.

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30
Q

What blood vessels must you label?

A

Vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein
and coronary arteries.

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31
Q

What lung structures must you label?

A

Trachea, bronchi, alveoli, and capillaries around the
alveoli.

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32
Q

What controls resting heart rate?

A

A group of cells in the right atrium acting as a
pacemaker. Some people need an artificial
pacemaker if their heart rate is irregular.

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33
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries (eg, aorta, coronary arteries and pulmonary
artery), veins (eg, vena cava and pulmonary veín)
and capillaries.

34
Q

Why do arteries have muscular/elastic walls/walls

A

Arteries carry blood at high pressure,
so they need to be elastic and muscular to cope with the surges of blood and smooth out the flow.

35
Q

Why do veins have thin walls and valves?

A

Veins carry blood at low pressure so don’t need thick
walls. As the blood flows more slowly, valves
blood flowing backwards.

36
Q

Why do capillaries have walls one cell thick?

A

Molecules need to get in and out of the blood from the capillaries so the walls need to be very thin so
diffusion can take place easily.

37
Q

What is blood made up of?

A

A liquid called plasma
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

38
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Red blood cells contain many molecules of
haemoglobin.
Each hemoglobin carries oxygen
molecules from the lungs to the cells.

39
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for
their function?

A

They have no nucleus, so more space for
haemoglobin molecules, and also have a biconcave disc shape which makes them flexible to fit through
narrow capillaries.

40
Q

What is the “lock and key” theory?

A

A simple model that shows enzymes as a lock, where
only a substrate with the correct shape (key) will
bind.

41
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

They ingest and destroy pathogens
Produce antibodies
Produce antitoxins.

42
Q

How are white blood cells adapted for their function?

A

They have an irregular shape, and can change shape easily, so they can squeeze out of blood capillaries to reach pathogens when we are infected.

43
Q

What do platelets do?

A

They make blood clot when we have a cut, so we form a scab.

This prevents blood getting out, and stops pathogens from getting in.

44
Q

What does plasma do?

A

Plasma is a watery liquid that transports dissolved
molecules around the body. Eg.
Carbon dioxide,
glucose, amino acids are all soluble in the water in
plasma.

45
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

CHD is when layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries, making them narrower. This makes it harder for blood to flow and deliver oxygen to heart muscle.

46
Q

How can CHD be treated?

A

CHD can be treated with drugs, mechanical devices
(stents) or transplants.

47
Q

What are the drugs to treat CHD?

A

Statins are used to treat CHD as they slow the rate that fatty material is put into coronary artery walls. This means the coronary arteries stay wider for longer:

48
Q

What is the mechanical way to treat
CHD?

A

Stents are pieces of metal mesh tube that are put
inside blocked coronary arteries. They push on the
fatty material, opening up the blocked coronary
artery for blood to flow.

49
Q

What sort of transplants can treat
CHD?

A

Heart valves can be transplanted if they are faulty
Some patients need a whole heart transplant, or
even a heart and lung transplant.

50
Q

Are transplants biological or artificial?

A

Some transplants are with artificial valves, and some are from a human donor. Occasionally artificial hearts are used while the patient is waiting for a donor heart.

51
Q

What is health?

A

Health is the physical and mental wellbeing of a
person.

52
Q

What types of disease are there?

A

Some diseases are communicable, which means they
can be passed from person to person.
Other diseases are non-communicable, which means
they can’t be passed on, eg CHD.

53
Q

What factors affect health?

A

As well as disease, diet, stress and life situations can
have a large effect on both physical and mental
health.

54
Q

Can some diseases trigger other health issues?

A

Yes, viruses can sometimes trigger cancers to develop.

Physical health problems can trigger depression or other mental health issues.

A poor immune system can trigger allergies or infections.

55
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

Any factor that increases the chance of a person
suffering poor health

56
Q

What is a causal mechanism?

A

If the cause of the risk is proved, we can say there is a causal mechanicm.
e.g. The effect of obesity on the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes; or the effect of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies.

57
Q

Do some diseases have more than one risk factor?

A

Yes, lots of diseases are caused by different factors
interacting. We call these diseases “lifestyle diseases as so many lifestyle factors will affect the risk of developing
them.

58
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancers are groups of cells called tumours, that are the result of changes to the DNA of cells.
The cells begin to divide and grow out of control. Uncontrolled cell division causes a lump of tumour cells.

59
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

Benign tumours are growths of abnormal cells that
are contained within a membrane, so don’t invade
other parts of the body.

60
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

Malignant tumors are cancers.
They can enter the blood and spread to other parts
of the body where they form secondary tumours.

61
Q

Do lifestyle risk factors affect cancers?

A

Yes, scientists have identifled llfestyle risks for
several types of cancer. e.g. Tar in cigarette smoke is a risk factor for lung and throat cancers.

62
Q

Do genetic risk factors affect cancers?

A

Yes, scientists have Identified that some cancers
have genetic risk factors.
e.g. BRCA1 gene is a genetic risk factor for a type of
breast cancer.

63
Q

What organs do plants have

A

Plant organs are the leaf, stem and root.
Just like in animals,
organs are made of different
tissues working together to carry out a function.

64
Q

What organs do plants have?

A

Plant organs are the leaf, stem and root.
Just like in animals,
organs are made of different
tissues working together to carry out a function.

65
Q

What are the tissues in a leaf?

A

Epidermis, palisade mesophyli, spongy mesophyli,
xylem, phloem and guard cells surrounding the
stomata).

66
Q

What is the function of epidermis?

A

epidermis is the surface tissues of a plant. the top
and bottom surfaces of a leaf are called the upper
and lower epidermis.
The upper epidermis is clear to allow light through.

67
Q

What is the function of palisade mesophyll tissue?

A

Palisade mesophyll is the tissue layer under the upper epidermis. Its cells have the most chloroplasts
as they set the most light reaching them.
Their function Is to carry out photosynthesis

68
Q

What is the function of spongy mesophyll

A

spongy mesophyll is the tissue layer below the
palisade cells.

The cells are irregular shapes to allow lots of air
spaces to exist between cells, so gas exchange can
occur efficiently.

69
Q

What is the function of xylem tissue?

A

Xylem tissue is found in a bundle with phloem and meristem tissue.

Xyem transports water and dissolved mineral lons from the roots up to the leaves for photosynthesis

70
Q

How is xylem tissue adapted for it’s
function?

A

Xylem tissue is made of long hollow tubes, with a substance called lignin in the cell walls to make it
strong.
Water moves through the hollow tubes in a
transpiration stream.

71
Q

What is the function of phloem tissue?

A

Phloem tissue is found in a bundle with xylem and meristem tissues.
Phloem transports sugars and amino acids in
solution, (so we can say phloem transports solutes)

72
Q

How is phloem tissue adapted for it’s
function?

A

Phloem is made of long tubular cells, and the top and bottom of each cell has pores (holes like a sieve) to allow cell sap, full of sugars, to move from one phloem cell to the next.

73
Q

What is the function of meristem
tissue?

A

Meristem tissue is found at the tips of roots and shoots which are the growing regions of a plant.

Meristem contains stem cells which produce new
cells for the plant to grow.

74
Q

What is the function of guard cells?

A

Guard cells are found in pairs surrounding each of the stomata.
They can change shape to make the stomata open or close.

If the plant is losing too much water, the guard cells
will close the stomata.

75
Q

What are stomata?

A

Tiny holes found in the lower epidermis. They allow
gas exchange for photosynthesis and respiration, but
also allow water to evaporate out.
Plants in desert conditions have few stomata.

76
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The movement of water through the plant from the
root hair cells all the way up the xylem to the
stomata in the leaves

77
Q

What factors affect transpiration?

A

Transpiration occurs due to evaporation of water out
of the stomata. So the rate of transpiration is affected by changes in temperature, light intensity, humidity, wind

78
Q

How are root hair cells adapted for their function?

A

Root hair cells have a large surface area to take up maximum water by osmosis.

They are also adapted to take up minerals by active transport by having lots of mitochondria.

79
Q

What is translocation?

A

the movement of sugars and other solutes in the
phloem, from leaves to other organs (e.g. roots and
fruits).

80
Q

What is a plant organ system?

A

The leaves, stem and roots are an organ system designed to move substances around the plant.

Transpiration and translocation are the two ways that substances can be moved.

GCSE Biology (6 decks)

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