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AP Psychology > AP Psychology Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion, and Stress > Flashcards

AP Psychology Unit 8: Motivation, Emotion, and Stress Flashcards

1
Q

Motivation

A

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2
Q

Instinct

A

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and unlearned

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3
Q

Instinct Theory

A

Now replaced by the evolutionary perspective. It focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors and labels them as motivations for our actions. It named behaviors but did not explain them

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4
Q

Physiological Needs

A

A basic bodily requirement (food, water, oxygen)

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5
Q

Drive-Reduction Theory

A

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy its needs

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6
Q

Homeostasis

A

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of ay aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

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7
Q

Incentive

A

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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8
Q

Arousal Theory

A

Our need to maintain an optimal level of arousal motivates behaviors that meet no physiological need (such as our yearning for stimulation and our hunger for information)

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9
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

The principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

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10
Q

Hierarchy of Needs

A

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and them psychological needs become active

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11
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs in Order

A
  1. Physiological needs
  2. Safety needs
  3. Belongingness and love needs
  4. Esteem needs
  5. Self-actualization needs
  6. Self-transcendence needs
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12
Q

Physiological Needs

A

The first level of Maslow’s hierarchy. The need to satisfy hunger and thirst

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13
Q

Safety Needs

A

The second level of Maslow’s hierarchy. The need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe

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14
Q

Belongingness and Love Needs

A

The third level of Maslow’s hierarchy. The need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and separation

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15
Q

Esteem Needs

A

The fourth level of Maslow’s hierarchy. Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others

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16
Q

Self-Actualization Needs

A

The fifth level of Maslow’s hierarchy. The need to live up to our fullest and unique potential

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17
Q

Self-Transcendence Needs

A

The last/sixth level of Maslow’s hierarchy. The need to find meaning and identity beyond the self

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18
Q

What Causes Hunger

A
  1. Stomach pangs/contractions
  2. The brain/hypothalamic activity
  3. Appetite hormones (leptin, ghrelin, orexin)
  4. Blood sugar/glucose levels
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19
Q

Glucose

A

The form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

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20
Q

Ghrelin

A

A hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

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21
Q

Set Point

A

The point at which your “weight thermostat” may be set. When your body falls below this weight increased hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may combine to restore lost weight

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22
Q

Basal Metabolic Rate

A

The body’s resting rate of energy output

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23
Q

Neophobia

A

Dislike of unfamiliar things. For example, many Americans dislike Japanese food like nattó

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24
Q

Situational Influences on Eating

A
  1. Arousing situations cause people to eat more
  2. People eat more when eating with others
  3. People eat more when offered a large serving size
  4. People eat more when there is a wider selection of food
  5. People eat more of the foods they are offered first
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25
Q

Obesity

A

Defined as a body mass index (BMI) measurement of 30 or higher

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26
Q

Overweight

A

Defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 25 or higher

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27
Q

Leptin

A

A hormone that decreases hunger. Secreted from the fat cells

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28
Q

Asexual

A

Having no sexual attraction to others

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29
Q

Testosterone

A

The most important male sex hormone. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period and the development of male sex characteristics during puberty

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30
Q

Estrogens

A

Sex hormones, such as estradiol, that contribute to female sex characteristics and are secreted in greater amounts by females than by males. Estrogen levels peak during ovulation. In nonhuman animals, this promotes sexual receptivity.

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31
Q

Sexual Response Cycle

A

The four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

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32
Q

Refractory Period

A

In human sexuality, a resting period that occurs after orgasm, during which a person cannot achieve another orgasm. The refractory period in men is longer than that in women

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33
Q

Affiliation Need

A

The need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

34
Q

Ostracism

A

Deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups

35
Q

Narcissism

A

Excessive self-love and self-absorption

36
Q

Achievement Motivation

A

A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of skills or ideas, for control, and for attaining a high standard

37
Q

Grit

A

In psychology, passion and perseverance in pursuit of long-term goals

38
Q

Emotion

A

A response of the whole organism, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience

39
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus: stimulus –> arousal –> emotion

40
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological arousal and the subjective experience of emotion. The emotion-triggering stimulus travels to the sympathetic nervous system (causing the physiological response) and the brain’s cortex (causing the awareness of emotion) at the same time

41
Q

Schachter-Singer Theory

A

Also known as the two-factor theory. It states that, to experience emotion, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal. A stirred-up state can be experiences as different emotions depending on how we appraise/label it

42
Q

Zajonc-LeDoux Theory

A

Some embodied responses happen instantly, without conscious appraisal. Sometimes stimuli travel directly to the amygdala via the thalamus, so we react before appraising a situation.

43
Q

Lazarus Theory

A

Cognitive appraisal (“is it dangerous or not?”) - sometimes without our awareness - defines emotion. A thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal. Emotion comes when we appraise an event as harmless or dangerous

44
Q

Insula

A

A neural center deep inside the brain. It is activated when we experience negative social emotions like lust, pride, and disgust. It is not responsive to only one emotion

45
Q

Left Frontal Lobe and Mood

A

Positive moods trigger left frontal lobe activity

46
Q

Right Frontal Lobe and Mood

A

Negative moods trigger right frontal lobe activity

47
Q

Polygraph

A

A machine used in attempts to detect lies that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration, heart rate, and breathing changes) accompanying emotion. They are often innaccurate

48
Q

Facial Feedback Effect

A

The tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

49
Q

Behavior Feedback Effect

A

The tendency of behavior to influence our own and others’ thoughts, feelings, and actions. If you happily skip down the street, you will likely feel happier

50
Q

Stress

A

The process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging

51
Q

Stressor

A

A stimulus that we perceive as threatening that causes a stress response

52
Q

Stress Reaction

A

Our physical and emotional responses to a stressor

53
Q

Types of Stressors

A
  1. Catastrophes
  2. Significant life changes
  3. Daily hassles
54
Q

Catastrophes

A

Unpredictable large-scale events (earthquakes, floods, storms)

55
Q

Acculturative Stress

A

The stress that emerges from conflicts when individuals must adjust to a new culture of the host society

56
Q

Significant Life Changes

A

Life-altering events (having a loved one die, a friend move away, a divorce)

57
Q

Daily Hassles

A

Small-scale and non-life-altering events (phone dying, annoying siblings, busy schedule)

58
Q

Stress Response System Components

A
  1. The sympathetic nervous system (mobilize the body for the fast-acting fight or flight response)
  2. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland (secrete slow-acting glucocorticoid stress hormones like cortisol)
59
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A

Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. The human body cannot cope with stress for prolonged periods of time.

60
Q

Tend-And-Befriend Response

A

Under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)

61
Q

Health Psychology

A

A subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

62
Q

Psychoneuroimmunology

A

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

63
Q

B Lymphocytes

A

Immune system cells that releases antibodies that fight antibacterial infections. Stress reduces the release of these

64
Q

T Lymphocytes

A

Immune system cells that attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances. Stress reduces the release of these

65
Q

Macrophage Cells

A

“Big eaters” that identify, pursue, and ingest harmful invaders and worn-out cells

66
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Attack diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer)

67
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

A

The clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries. The risk of developing it is increased with stress

68
Q

Type A

A

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people. They are more susceptible to heart attacks or other stress-related issues since they are more often angry. When angry, blood goes to our muscles and pulls it away from our internal organs, which prevents the liver from effectively removing cholesterol and fat from the blood.

69
Q

Type B

A

Fridman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people. They are less likely to have heart attacks or develop other stress-related issues

70
Q

Catharsis

A

In psychology, the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges. However, it usually fails to cleanse our rage, since expressing anger leads to more anger

71
Q

Aerobic Exercise

A

Sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety. It fights heart disease by strengthening the heart, increasing blood flow, keeping blood vessels open, and lowering blood pressure. It also promotes neurogenesis and greater longevity

72
Q

Mindfulness Meditation

A

A reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a nonjudgmental and accepting manner. It strengthens connections among brain regions, activates brain regions associated with more reflective awareness, and calms brain activation in emotional situations

73
Q

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon

A

People’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

74
Q

Positive Psychology

A

The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

75
Q

Subjective Well-Being

A

Self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life

76
Q

3 Pillars of Positive Psychology

A
  1. Positive well-being
  2. Positive character
  3. Positive groups, communities, and culture
77
Q

Positive Well-Being

A

Happiness is a by-product of a pleasant, engaged, and meaningful life

78
Q

Positive Character

A

Focuses on exploring and enhancing creativity, courage, compassion, integrity, self-control, leadership, wisdom, and spirituality

79
Q

Positive Groups, Communities, And Cultures

A

Focuses on establishing a positive social ecology. This includes healthy families, communal neighborhoods, effective schools, socially-responsible media, and civil dialogue

80
Q

Adaptation-Level Phenomenon

A

Our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by prior experience

81
Q

Relative Deprivation

A

The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

AP Psychology (16 decks)

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