Hematology- leukocytes

Question 1

leukocytes

Answer 1

• WBCs
• larger than RBCs
• make up less than 1% of total blood (white/clear stuff from blood centrifuge)
• can leave capillaries VIA diapedesis (leukocyte extravasation)
• they then move through tissue spaces by ameboid motion and positive chemotaxis (following scene of the chemical and concentration gradient)

Question 2

diapedesis/extravasation

Answer 2

leukocyte changes shape and squeezes out of spaces between blood vessels

Question 3

leukocytosis

Answer 3

too many WBCs (over 11,000 mm3)
normal response to bacterial/viral invasion

Question 4

composition of leukocytes in the 45% of formed elements in hematocrit

Answer 4

granulocytes:
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils

agranulocytes:
-lymphocytes
-monocytes

Question 5

composition of leukocytes in the 45% of formed elements in hematocrit

Answer 5

granulocytes:
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils

agranulocytes:
-lymphocytes
-monocytes

Question 6

in order of most common to least common…

Answer 6

*never let monkeys eat bananas

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

Question 7

granylocytes

Answer 7

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
- larger and shorted lived than RBCs
- lobed nucleii
- phagocytic (they eat things)

Question 8

neutrophils

Answer 8

• most numerous WBCs
• polymorphonuclear leukocytes (many shaped nucleii)
  -fine granules take up acidic and basic dyes
• give cytoplasm a lilac color
• granules contain hydrolytic enzymes
• very phagocytic (bacteria killers/eaters)

Question 9

eosinophils

Answer 9

• bilobed nucleii
• red to crimson, coarse, filled with lysosome like granules
• digest parasitic worms too large to be phagocytized

Question 10

basophils

Answer 10

• rarest WBCs
• large granules that contain histamine and heparin
• functionally similar to mast cells: inflammatory response

Question 11

histamine and heparin

Answer 11

histamine: inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs to inflamed sites

heparin: anticoagulant

Question 12

agranulocytes

Answer 12

lymphocytes and monocytes
- lack visible granules
- have spherical or kidney shaped nuclei

Question 13

lymphocytes

Answer 13

• large, dark purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm
• mostly found in lymphoid tissue (neck, armpits, groin), few circulate in blood until stress reponse
• 2 types:
  t cells: act against virus infected cells and tumor cells
  b cells: produce antibodies

Question 14

monocytes

Answer 14

• largest leukocytes
• leave circulation, enter tissues, and become MACROPHAGES
• actively phagocytic: against viruses, parasites, and chronic infections
• activate lymphocytes to start immune response

Question 15

monocyte levels

Answer 15

• monocytosis (aka mono): abnormally high levels of monocytes; caused by stress, inflammation, severe infection, necrosis
• monocytopenia: low levels; caused by aplastic anemia (no RBCs or WBCs, HIV, lupus, damaged bone marrow, cancer treatments)

Question 16

leukopoiesis

Answer 16

production of WBCs

• stimulated by chemicals (interleukins or CFS) from bone marrow and mature WBCs
• all cells come from hemocytoblasts

Question 17

hemocytoblasts

Answer 17

stem cells
1. differentiate into myeloid stem cells
2. differentiate into lymphoid stem cells

Question 18

leukocyte disorders

Answer 18

leukopenia
leukemias

Question 19

leukemias

Answer 19

• cancerous conditions involving WBCs
• named according to the abnormal WBC involved
• myelocytic leukemia includes myeloblasts
• lymphocytic leukemia induces lymphocytes

Question 20

acute leukemia

Answer 20

involves blast cells
prevalent in children