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BIOL 1020 > L13 Bacteria & Archaea pt 2 > Flashcards

L13 Bacteria & Archaea pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

how are prokaryotes classified

A

by dividing them into classes, and further into species

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2
Q

what are 6 groups of bacteria

A
  • proteobacteria
  • green bacteria
  • cyanobacteria
  • gram-positive bacteria
  • spirochetes
  • chlamydia
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3
Q

what is the key distinguishing feature of the different groups of bacteria

A

composition of the cell wall

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4
Q

what is the most diverse group of bacteria

A

proteobacteria

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5
Q

describe gram-negative bacteria

A

-purple sulfur bacteria (their colour is caused by a specific type of chlorophyll)
-photoautotrophic or photoheterotrophic

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6
Q

describe free-living gram-negative proteobacteria

A
  • chemoheterotrophs
  • includes intestinal bacteria
  • some of these cause diseases (bubonic plague, gonorrhea, gastroenteritis, dysentery)
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7
Q

What is a type of green bacteria? describe this

A
  • gram-negative photosynthetic bacteria
  • photoautotrophic are found in hot springs
  • photoheterotrophic are found in marine and high salt environments
  • distinctive chlorophyll compared to plants
  • don’t release oxygen during photosynthesis
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8
Q

describe cyanobacteria

A
  • include blue-green algae and gram-negative aerobic photosynthetic prokaryotes
  • responsible for oxygen-based life on earth
  • some make colonies, have specialized cell types (heterocysts for nitrogen fixation)
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9
Q

what is the most morphologically diverse group of bacteria

A

cyanobacteria

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10
Q

describe gram-positive bacteria

A
  • give positive result on gram stain test
  • thicker peptidoglycan on outside
  • mainly chemoheterotrophs
  • has many pathogenic species
  • some species are beneficial
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11
Q

bacillus anthracis

A

rod-shaped bacteria causing anthrax

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12
Q

staphylococcus

A

sphere shaped bacteria causing:

  • food poisoning
  • toxic shock syndrome
  • pneumonia
  • bacterial meningitis
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13
Q

streptococcus

A
  • sphere-shaped bacteria causing:
  • strep throat
  • pneumonia
  • necrotizing fasciitis
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14
Q

lactobacillus

A

Rod shaped bacteria using lactic acid fermentation to make pickles, kimchi, sauerkraut, yogurt

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15
Q

describe spirochetes, what type of bacteria are they?

A
  • +/- species
  • propelled by rotation of flagella (movement in thick mud or sewage)
  • found in human mouth, termite intestines that digest cellulose
  • some pathogenic species (e.g. syphilis)
  • type of gram-negative bacteria
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16
Q

describe chlamydias, what type of bacteria are they?

A
  • obligate intracellular pathogens of humans and animals
  • type of gram-negative bacteria
  • cause STIs and respiratory infections
  • cell walls lack peptidoglycan
  • significantly reduced genome size compared to other bacteria
17
Q

why are deinococcus radiodurans unique

A
  • tolerant to radiation
  • can break down radioactive waste
18
Q

why are thermus aquaticus unique

A
  • tolerant to high temperatures
  • DNA polymerase is very heat stable
  • PCR techniques to make copies of DNA sequences for genetic engineering
19
Q

why are archaea unique

A
  • features similar to bacteria (prokaryote, chromosomes, ribosomes) and eukaryotes (histones, enzymes)
  • unique features (membranes and protein synthesis)
20
Q

what are the main phyla of archaea

A

euryarchaeota, crenarchaeota, korarchaeota, thaumarchaeota

21
Q

what are similarities between archaea and bacteria

A
  • do not contain nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
  • circular DNA
  • same ribosome size (70S)
  • can grow at temperatures of 80C +
  • operons in DNA, introns in most genes
  • fixate nitrogen, complete chemoautotrophy
22
Q

what are differences between bacteria and archaea

A
  • membranes of bacteria are ester-linked
  • bacteria completes photosynthesis with chlorophyll
  • bacteria are sensitive to antibiotics
  • histone proteins are in archaea cells
  • archaea can complete methanogenesis
23
Q

what are 3 types of euryarchaeota

A

methanogens, halophiles, extreme thermophiles

24
Q

describe methanogens

A
  • methane producing
  • living in low oxygen environments
  • anaerobic in organs of animals (stomachs, rumen)
  • swamps, lakes, marshes, sewage works
25
Q

describe halophiles

A
  • live in highly salted environments
  • are aerobic chemotrophs
  • get energy from sugars, alcohols, amino acids, or light as secondary energy source
26
Q

describe thermophiles

A
  • live in extremely hot environments like hydrothermal vents and hot springs
  • tolerate temps between 70C and 95C
27
Q

what are 3 types of crenarchaeota

A

extreme thermophiles, psychrophiles, mesophiles

28
Q

describe extreme thermophiles (cren.)

A
  • higher optimal temp range than euryarchaeota
  • sulfur dependent
29
Q

describe psychrophiles

A
  • love cold
  • thrive at temp between -10C to -20C
  • found in arctic and antarctic oceans
30
Q

describe mesophiles

A

marine plankton in cool waters

31
Q

describe korarchaeota

A
  • Recognized only by sequences in DNA samples
  • Found in hydrothermal environments but have never been isolated and cultivated in lab
  • Nothing known about their physiology
32
Q

describe thaumarchaeota

A
  • initially known as mesophilic crenarchaeotes
  • likely most abundant cells in oceans
  • chemoautotrophs using ammonia
33
Q

what is the TACK acronym

A

Thaumarchaeota
Aigarcheota
Crenarchaeota
Korarchaeota

34
Q

what is the human microbiome

A
  • prokaryotes that live on and within human body
  • estimated that bacterial and archaeal cells outnumber human cells by 10 to 1 ratio but new research suggests ~1 to 1 ratio
  • bacterial and archaeal genes outnumber human genes by 100 to 1
35
Q

when are intestinal bacteria beneficial

A
  • break down food
  • secrete vitamins, biomolecules into colon for nutrient absorption
  • makes molecules that signal other systems such as immune and nervous system
36
Q

compare african microbiome to western microbiome

A
  • plant-based vs. sugar and fat based
  • dominated by bacteroidetes vs firmicutes
  • african microbiome can digest plant fiber
37
Q

what are prokaryotes important to study

A
  • medicine
  • ecosystem processes
  • talents
  • biotechnology, bioprocessing, biomimicry
  • research into human microbiome and human interactions
38
Q

describe the evolutionary history of prokaryotes

A
  • TACK
  • network as opposed to tree
  • evolution of bacteria and archaea seen as important part of evolution of eukarya

BIOL 1020 (9 decks)

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