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ANIMSCI 3140 > Exam 2 Crossword > Flashcards

Exam 2 Crossword Flashcards

1
Q

The movement of _____ attached to hair cells
within the viscous fluid of the otolithic organs
alerts a change in body position or movement.

A

Crystals

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2
Q

These receptors respond to physical deformation or pressure.

A

Mechanoreceptors

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3
Q

The membrane within the eye that contains the
receptors that perceive light stimuli:

A

Retina

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4
Q

The _____ is the portion of the inner ear that has a
snail shell-like appearance and is primarily
responsible for hearing.

A

Cochlea

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5
Q

An _____ molecule, such as a molecule
containing a benzene ring, would be detected by
cells in the olfactory epithelium.

A

Aromatic

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6
Q

An example of a type of molecule that can be
detected by a sour taste cell:

A

Acid

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7
Q

Sensory signals from nerves travel in an _____ direction.

A

Afferent

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8
Q

____ papillae on the tongue are simple
projections from the epithelium that are
commonly located on the front portion of the
tongue.

A

Fungiform

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9
Q

The white, protective outer covering of the eye:

A

Sclera

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10
Q

The _____ nerve is attached to the back of the eye
and receives the action potentials from light
stimuli, directing them to the brain.

A

Optic

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11
Q

This chemical sense involves chemoreceptors
present on a specialized epithelium below the
cribriform plate that detect aerosolized
compounds.

A

Olfaction

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12
Q

These receptors are located in the retina.

A

Photoreceptors

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13
Q

These receptors detect noxious or harmful stimuli
that may cause bodily injury.

A

Nociceptors

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14
Q

The curved outer portion of the eye that aids in
refracting light and focusing an image.

A

Cornea

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15
Q

This chemical sense involves chemoreceptors
present in clusters of cells known as taste buds.

A

Gustation

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16
Q

When the nervous system receives information
from the external environment, it is known as
_____.

A

Exteroception

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17
Q

The vestibular _____ is the portion of the inner ear
made that is responsible for balance or equilibrium
and contains the semicircular canals and otolithic
organs.

A

Apparatus

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18
Q

This hormone group is synthesized from
preprohormones, travels freely in the blood, uses
second messengers, and has a rapid onset

A

Peptide

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19
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) targets
cells of the adrenal __ on the outer region of the
adrenal gland

A

Cortex

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20
Q

The H in HPA axis stands for what. This
structure is important in integrating nervous
information with endocrine output in the pituitary
gland.

A

Hypothalamus

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21
Q

Antidiuretic hormone is made in the
hypothalamus and directly acts on kidney tubules.
What hormone is it an example of?

A

Non-tropic

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22
Q

Cushing’s disease is caused by an increased
release of ACTH and ___.

A

Cortisol

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23
Q

An increase in melatonin levels in horses ___
the hypothalamus.

A

Inhibits

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24
Q

What amine hormone is like a peptide, but is polar

A

Adrenaline

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25
Q

Unlike the nervous system, the endocrine
system relies on ___ transport through the blood
to act as a chemical signal

A

Hormone

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26
Q

Parathyroid hormone increases blood
concentration of calcium and decreases blood
phosphate. It does so by acting on the kidney and
___.

A

Bone

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27
Q

The anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) has
an ___ connection to the hypothalamus that
allows hormones to pass into the pituitary and
release other hormones.

A

Endocrine

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28
Q

Oxytocin is secreted during parturition which
leads to uterine contraction and cervical dilation.
In this positive feedback system, cervical dilation
does what to oxytocin levels?

A

Stimulates

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29
Q

If an animal hasn’t eaten in a while its blood
glucose levels will be low. This signals to the pancreas to release ______.

A

Glucagon

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30
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone is made in the
anterior pituitary and acts on the thyroid to
produce thyroxine hormone. What hormone is it
an example of?

A

Tropic

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31
Q

Signal made by the cell, to stimulate the same
cell; important in inflammatory cells

A

Autocrine

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32
Q

This hormone group is lipid soluble and binds
directly to receptors in the cell nucleus.

A

Steroid

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33
Q

Stress on the body causes the eventual release
of cortisol from the kidneys. In this negative
feedback system, rising cortisol levels act as what
to the anterior pituitary?

A

Inhibitory

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34
Q

___ feedback is when rising blood
concentration of a given hormone causes a
biological response that prevents further release
of that hormone.

A

Negative

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35
Q

The ___ cells of the pancreas produce the
hormone insulin.

A

Beta

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36
Q

___ feedback is when rising blood
concentration of a given hormone causes a
biological response that produces further release
of that hormone.

A

Positive

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37
Q

Prostaglandins, long chain fatty acids, are an
example of what signaling molecule group

A

Eicosanoid

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38
Q

The posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) has
a ___ connection to the hypothalamus that allows
hormones to pass into the pituitary and release
pre-made hormones.

A

Neural

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39
Q

___ have a thinner tunica media which
provides more flexibility to these blood vessels.

A

Veins

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40
Q

What factor keeps fluid in capillaries (and not
forced out into interstitial spaces)? If is generated
by plasma proteins.

A

Osmotic force

41
Q

Without this semi-lunar valve blood would flow
back from the lungs and into the heart.

A

Pulmonary

42
Q

The sound of the mitral and tricuspid valves
snapping shut as ventricles begin to contract is
what?

A

Lub

43
Q

What blood vessel carries blood away from
the heart and to the body?

A

Arteries

44
Q

What layer of the pericardium lines the
surface of the heart?

A

Visceral

45
Q

Pulmonary circulation needs a ___ pressure
pump.

A

Low

46
Q

What 3-flapped AV valve lies between the
right atrium and ventricle?

A

Tricuspid/Right AV valve

47
Q

This is the pacemaker of the heart from
where action potentials are spontaneously
developed allowing for contraction of the heart. (2
words)

A

SA node

48
Q

The extracellular fluid that is recovered from
the vascular space by lymphatic vessels is called
what?

A

Lymph

49
Q

Fill in the blank in this sequence: arteries-
_____- capillaries

A

Arterioles

50
Q

Where do the cranial and caudal vena cava
enter the heart?

A

Right atrium

51
Q

What is the amount of blood pumped out of
each ventricle per minute? It is affected by stroke
volume (EDV, ESV) and heart rate.

A

Cardiac output

52
Q

Fill in the bank in this sequence: capillaries-Venules- ____

A

Veins

53
Q

Fetal circulation does not need to oxygenate
blood in the lungs. It therefore has a foramen oval
which is located where? (Between the right ___
and left ___)

A

Atrium

54
Q

This structure of squamous epithelial cells lines
the chambers of the heart.

A

Endocardium

55
Q

The smallest form of a vein and artery is a
what?

A

Capillary

56
Q

This is a measure of the driving force or the
amount of strain arteries experience as blood
circulates throughout the body.

A

Hydrostatic pressure

57
Q

In which area of the heart does oxygenated
blood first enter?

A

Left atrium

58
Q

These fibrous structures are important in
preventing valves from flipping inside out while
pumping.

A

Chorde tendineae

59
Q

What is an extrinsic mechanism that alters
ESV (or the amount of blood in the ventricle at
the end of contraction)?

A

Contractility

60
Q

The sound of the aortic and pulmonary valves
snapping shut at the end of ventricular
contraction is what?

A

Dub

61
Q

Is the blood entering the heart oxygenated or
deoxygenated?

A

Deoxygenated

62
Q

You can easily distinguish the right and left
ventricles because of the difference in what
muscular layer?

A

Myocardium

63
Q

Portal systems are series of capillary beds
between two vessels allowing for gas and
hormone exchange. One exists in the connection
between the anterior pituitary ad the
hypothalamus. Where does the second one occur?

A

Liver

64
Q

If this structure was missing the ventricles
would be unable to fill with blood before they
contract (less blood in circulation). It causes a
delay in electrical conduction.

A

AV node

65
Q

The left side of the heart pumps blood to the
aorta/systemic circulation. It therefore needs a
___ pressure system.

A

High

66
Q

What is the largest artery in the body?

A

Aorta

67
Q

This part of the upper respiratory tract is called the
“gatekeeper” to the entrance of the trachea and the
“voice box”:

A

Larynx

68
Q

Gas exchange occurs here

A

Alveoli

69
Q

When the diaphragm _____, thoracic volume
increases.

A

Contracts

70
Q

The _____ muscle affects the diameter of the
trachea.

A

Trachealis

71
Q

The _____ is the muscle situated at the bottom of
the thoracic cavity that is responsible for
inhalation and exhalation.

A

Diaphragm

72
Q

Respiration brings _____ to cells.

A

Oxygen

73
Q

_____ respiration involves gas exchange between
blood and cells within tissues.

A

External

74
Q

The fluid covering the alveoli contains _____,
which reduces surface tension and prevents
collapse.

A

Surfactant

75
Q

____ are small finger-like projections on the
nasal epithelial cells that trap and move particles
covered in mucus.

A

Cilia

76
Q

The trachea divides into the right and left primary
_____, which branch out to form secondary and
tertiary structures.

A

Bronchi

77
Q

Inspiration is an example of the body creating
_____ pressure.

A

Negative

78
Q

When the tertiary bronchi further divide into
airways less than 1mm in diameter, they become
_____.

A

Bronchioles

79
Q

The only point where the lungs are physically
connected to the rest of the body is called the
_____.

A

Hilus

80
Q

The _____ is the structure that closes shut during
swallowing to ensure ingested material doesn’t
enter the trachea.

A

Epiglottis

81
Q

The pressure of the _____ space is slightly lower
than the pressure within the lungs in order to keep
the lungs inflated.

A

Intrapleural

82
Q

When the diaphragm _____, thoracic volume
decreases.

A

Relaxes

83
Q

_____ are air-filled cavities within cranial bones
that communicate with the nasal cavity.

A

Sinusws

84
Q

Respiration brings _____ away from cells.

A

Carbon dioxide

85
Q

_____ respiration involves gas exchange between
the air and blood in the pulmonary capillaries.

A

Internal

86
Q

The _____ epithelium contains the sensory
endings of cells responsible for smell.

A

Olfactory

87
Q

Nasal _____ are thin, scroll-like bones covered
with nasal epithelium.

A

Turbinates

88
Q

The nostril openings are also called _____.

A

Nares

89
Q

The mucus-producing cells in the nasal epithelium
are called _____ cells.

A

Goblet

90
Q

The _____ lines the thoracic cavity and is well
lubricated to allow the lungs to move easily.

A

Pleura

91
Q

When particles are trapped in the nasal passages in
mucus, the _____ apparatus moves the particles
caudally to the pharynx.

A

Mucociliary

92
Q

The soft, membrane-lined cavity between the
nose/mouth and the esophagus is called the _____.

A

Pharynx

93
Q

The nasal epithelium is classified as _____
epithelium.

A

Columnar

94
Q

When the concentration of carbon dioxide
increases in the blood, the pH _____.

A

Decreases

95
Q

Which type of cartilage makes up the Adam’s
apple?

A

Thyroid

96
Q

Respiratory _____ occurs when the respiratory
system removes too much carbon dioxide which
increases the pH of the blood.

A

Alkalosis

97
Q

Respiratory _____ occurs when too much carbon
dioxide accumulates in the blood and the pH
decreases.

A

Acidosis

98
Q

What is the actual name of the tube-like structure
we refer to when talking about the “airway”?

A

Trachea

99
Q

This ring-like type of cartilage is associated with
the trachea and maintains the structure and
opening of the airway

A

Cricoid

ANIMSCI 3140 (11 decks)

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