Urban Environments

Question 1

Urban Settlement

Answer 1

Area of habitation that provides services for payment to the surrounding countryside/area

as soon as a rural area has a shop is an urban settlement

Question 2

Site

Answer 2

The land on which it is built

Question 3

Situation of a settlement

Answer 3

refers to its relationship with the surrounding area

Question 4

Different situations of a site

Answer 4

Defensive: difficult to attack (hill-top or island)
Hill-foot: sheltered, flat land for building/farming
Gap: lower, more sheltered land between two hills
Wet point - close to water in a dry area
Dry point - on higher dry area close to wetland
Route center - focus of routes from surrounding area
Bridging point - where bridges can built over a river

Question 5

Hamlet

Answer 5

No places of worship, less than 100

Question 6

Village

Answer 6

100 - 1,000 people
few services - pub, primary school, small shop

Question 7

Small town

Answer 7

1,000 - 26,000
Limited range of services - hairdresser, primary and secondary schools, butcher

Question 8

Large Town

Answer 8

26,000 to 100,000 people
Range or services - some specialist shops, further education, leisure center, dentist, bank, 1 Apple store

Question 9

City

Answer 9

100,000 to 3,000,000
Wide range of services - chains, universities, entertainment facilities

Question 10

Conurbation

Answer 10

3,000,000+
Abundant range of services, chains, specialist shops, airports, education, 5 Apple stores, luxury specialist shops

Question 11

Urban function

Answer 11

its reason or purpose for being
Ex: Accommodation, mining town, transport hub, manufacturing, fishing, administrative

Question 12

Multi-function center

Answer 12

Towns and cities that provide many functions

Question 13

Urban Occupation

Answer 13

Different sectors of the economy

Question 14

Primary Urban Occupation

Answer 14

Agriculture, from the land, (not much of this because of restriction in land size)

Question 15

Secondary Urban Occupation

Answer 15

Manufacturing and factories (first industrial revolution like)

Question 16

Tertiary Urban Occupation

Answer 16

Transportation, education, financial serviecs, health (more modern service sector)

Question 17

Quaternary Urban Occupation

Answer 17

IT, research and development, information and knowledge based (21st century stuff)

Question 18

Poverty Deprivations

Answer 18

Lacking something needed for well-being due to poverty
Ex: sanitary water, adequate schooling, food, housing, health care, electricity

Question 19

Multidimensional poverty

Answer 19

People experience poverty differently and it looks different in every country and by different genders and ethnic groups

Question 20

Why is it important to take a multidimensional aproach to poverty?

Answer 20

Does not summarize the aspect of living.
Can be used to create a more comprehensive picture of how someone is poor.
Captures the reality of poverty

Question 21

Informal Economy

Answer 21

Jobs not legally recognized by a county’s government

Question 22

Key aspects of the informal economy

Answer 22

• mainly in cities
• outsides of shops and mobile
• competition is large
• get in the way of the clients

Question 23

Problems faced in country from informal economy

Answer 23

• Get in the way of clients and create unneeded/unfair competition with the stores that pay rent
• Ruin image of cleanliness/image of the area
• Do not pay taxes or rent, freeload and country is losing money

Question 24

Problems for the people engaging in informal economy

Answer 24

• Discrimination
• Denys the people the right to have social security
• Not very long term benfical
• Can be very exploited by the higher ups

Question 25

Reasons for engaging in informal economy

Answer 25

• No time/resources to set up a formal business
• Takes too much time to work in a factory when they have children. Informal economy has flexible hourss
• Earn more money on the streets than what they would get in a normal jobs
• Taxes snuff out the small businesses that are set up
• Bad working conditions in real jobs with exploitation

Question 26

Informal Housing

Answer 26

Housing not legally sanctioned by the country’s government
Governments sometimes turn a blind eye because they have a lack of electricity and sanitary water

Question 27

Redlining

Answer 27

Federally sanctioned practice of labeling neighborhoods based on their populations, race, and other socioeconomic characteristics in order to “guide” banks and other lending institutions to the “best” and “most reliable” possible loan opportunities

Question 28

Racial Covenants

Answer 28

Contract language in neighborhoods like Levittown where it barred residents from selling to people of color

Question 29

Fair Housing Act of 1968

Answer 29

• Outlawed practices such as redlining and racial covenants
• Damage has been done and still affects future generations

Question 30

Genetrification

Answer 30

• Process where wealthy, college educated individuals begin to move into poor or working-class communities, often originally occupied by communties of color.
• Higher income people rejuvenating the areas`

Question 31

Causes of Gentrification

Answer 31

• Influx of wealthier residents and increase in housing prices
• Demographic rise of single adults that are more drawn to central city living
• Economic changes
• Decline in central city manufacturing
• Cheaper to move tot he gentrified areas at the beginning
• Increase in service industries that benefit from concentrating in downtowns

Question 32

Pros of genetrification

Answer 32

• increased financial health
• City job rate climbs
• Crime rates drop
• Public schools make gains
• Less pollution

Question 33

Cons of gentrification

Answer 33

• Associated with minor levels of direct displacement
• Rising housing prices make it less likely for lower-income people to move into these neighborhoods
• Indirect displacement where residents face barriers to entering improving neighborhoods and relegated to live in more disadvantaged areas
• Low income residents who stay often experience hardship in the form of higher housing costs and strain on finances

Question 34

Philly tax abatement

Answer 34

• Owners of new construction properties only pay the value of the property tax of the land underneath their buildings for ten years
• Owners of rehabilitated properties will be exempt from the taxes on the value of the improvements for ten years

Question 35

Why was the philly tax abatement added?

Answer 35

• To encourage development
• Expand the cities housing stock
• Boost local economy

Question 36

Cons of philly tax abatement

Answer 36

• schools lack funding because of no property taxes
• Total value that is exempt from taxes under the abatement is $11.6 billion
• City and school districts would net about $162 million in annual revenue if the properties were taxed in full