pathology of GIT

Question 1

3 conditions associated with abdominal pain

Answer 1

• torsion / volvulus
• obstruction (internal - FB, tumour, intussusception) (external - strangulating lipoma)
• rupture

Question 2

Signs of upper intestinal obstruction

Answer 2

acute and severe

fluid and gas distension, vom, metabolic alkalosis, dehydration, uraemia

Question 3

Signs of lower intestinal obstruction

Answer 3

less acute
less distension
metabolic acidosis, vom, ulceration and infarction

Question 4

conditions associated with acute diarrhoea (5)

Answer 4

• altered ep cell transport
• altered structure / permeability
• osmotic effects
• altered motility
• damage to colonic mucosa

Question 5

Conditions associated with chronic diarrhoea and/or weight loss (7)

Answer 5

bacterial overgrowth
protein losing enteropathy
IBD
lymphangiectasia
endoparasitism
neoplasia
grass sickness

Question 6

Two broad categories of chronic dia

Answer 6

maldigestion - liver or pancreas

malabsorption- intesine

Question 7

How does bacterial overgrowth cause dia

Answer 7

• bile salt deficiency
• trauma to int
• nutrient consumption

—- malabsorption

Question 8

What is protein losing enteropathy?

Answer 8

When mucosa is damaged so has increased permeability so proteins ( esp albumin) leak into the lumen and decrease blood osmotic pressure

cause - IBD, lymphangiectasia, neoplasia

signs - dia, vom, anorexia, weight loss, ascites, pleural effusion, peripheral oedema

Question 9

What are the different types of IBD?

Answer 9

lymphoplasmocytic
eosinophilic
granulomatus (macrophages present - johnes)

due to mutated PRR on enterocytes so commensals / food seen as pathogens

Question 10

what is lymphangiectasia?

Answer 10

block and distended lymph vessels - affects absorption

Question 11

What is grass sickness?

Answer 11

a functional disease in hindgut fermenters from clostridium toxin which paralyses the ANS so no peristaltic movements

Question 12

How do you diagnose Johnes disease?

Answer 12

Ziel - Nielhson stain
host tissue - blue
mycobactera - red

Question 13

What is the name of a smooth muscle neoplasm?

Answer 13

leiomyoma

Question 14

What lesions are seen with grass sickness?

Answer 14

caecal distension (food - impaction)
stomach dilates and can rupture
acid reflux of gut contents can ulcerate the oesophagus

Question 15

What do you see with cyathostomins in horse colons?

Answer 15

pock marks - parasite larvae

Question 16

9 main liver pathologies

Answer 16

• congenital and developmental disorders
• circulatory disorders
• disorders of pigmentation
• degenerative disease
• abnormal deposits and accumulations
• necrosis
• fibrosis
• inflammation
• toxic liver disease

Question 17

6 liver congenital and developmental disorders

Answer 17

• portosystemic shunt ( congenital or acquired)
• congenital cysts
• displacements (congenital of acquired)
• tension lipidosis (focal areas of subcapsular fatty change)
• capsular fibrosis (fibrous tags on surface)
• telangiectosis (foci of sinusoidal dilation)

Question 18

1 liver circulatory disorder

Answer 18

passive venous congestion (from right sided heart failure, nutmeg liver)

Question 19

4 disorders of pigmentation - liver

Answer 19

melanin
haemosiderin
bile
lipofuscin / ceroid

Question 20

2 types of degenerative disease - liver

Answer 20

vacuolar hepatopathies ( hydropic change , glycogen accumulation)

lipidosis

Question 21

2 types of liver accumulative disease

Answer 21

• lysosomal storage disease

- amyloidosis

Question 22

3 types of liver inflammation

Answer 22

cholangiohepatitis - parenchyma and bile ducts
cholangitis - bile ducts
hepatitis - liver parenchyma

Question 23

3 broad causes of hepatitis

Answer 23

viral
bacterial
parasitic

Question 24

What viruses can cause hepatitis

Answer 24

adenovirus - infectious canine hepatitis
herpesvirus
coronavirus -FIP

Question 25

what bacteria cause hepatitis

Answer 25

• bacillary necrosis (Fusobacterium necrophorum)
• infectious necrotic hepatits (clostridium novyi type b)
• bacillary haemoglobinuria (clostridium haemolyticum)
  tyzzers disease (clostridium piliforme)
  leptospirosis
  salmonellosis

Question 26

What parasites can cause hepatitis?

Answer 26

liver fluke
ascaris suum
strongyle migration in horse

Question 27

2 problems of the gall bladder?

Answer 27

• cholecystitis

- choleliths

Question 28

2 problems of the biliary tree

Answer 28

obstruction

rupture

Question 29

3 problems with the exocrine pancreas

Answer 29

• developmental abnormalities ( hypoplasia)
• pancreatitis
• hyperplase