(11) Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Allostasis

Answer 1

Motivation is not only influenced by current needs, but also by the anticipation of future needs

Question 2

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 2

An eating disorder that involves (1) self-starvation, (2) intense fear of weight gain and dissatisfaction with one’s body, and (3) denial of the serious consequences of severely low weight

Question 3

Bulimia Nervosa

Answer 3

An eating disorder that is characterized by periods of food deprivation, binge-eating, and purging

Question 4

Drive

Answer 4

A biological trigger that tells us we may be deprived of something and causes us to seek out what is needed, such as food or water

Question 5

Glucose

Answer 5

A sugar that serves as a primary energy source for the brain and the rest of the body

Question 6

Homeostasis

Answer 6

The body’s physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response to the outer environment

Question 7

Hypothalamus

Answer 7

A brain Structure that regulates basic biological needs and motivational systems

Question 8

Motivation

Answer 8

Concerns the physiological and psychological processes underlying the initiation of behaviours that direct organisms toward specific goals

Question 9

Obesity

Answer 9

A disorder of positive energy balance, in which energy intake exceeds energy expenditure

Question 10

Satiation

Answer 10

The point in a meal when we are no longer motivated to eat

Question 11

Unit Bias

Answer 11

The tendency to assume that the unit of sale or portioning is an appropriate amount to consume

Question 12

Incentives

Answer 12

The stimuli we seek out in order to reduce drives

Question 13

Gender Roles

Answer 13

The accepted attitudes and behaviours of males and females in a given society

Question 14

Intrasexual Selection

Answer 14

A situation in which members of the same sex compete in order to win the opportunity to mate with members of the opposite sex

Question 15

Intersexual Selection

Answer 15

A situation in which members of one sex select a mating partner based on their desirable traits

Question 16

Oxytocin

Answer 16

A hormone involved in reproduction, childbirth, and social bonding

Question 17

Libido

Answer 17

The motivation for sexual activity and pleasure

Question 18

Refractory Period

Answer 18

(1) brief period in which a neuron cannot fire; (2) a time period during which erection and orgasm are not physically possible

Question 19

Sex Guilt

Answer 19

Negative emotional feelings for having violated culturally accepted standards of appropriate sexual behaviour

Question 20

Sexual Orientation

Answer 20

The consistent preference for sexual relations with members of the opposite sex, same sex, or either sex

Question 21

Sexual Response Cycle

Answer 21

The phases of physiological change during sexual activity, which comprises four primary stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Question 22

Sexual Scripts

Answer 22

The set of rules and assumptions about the sexual behaviours of males and females

Question 23

Testosterone

Answer 23

(1) a hormone that serves multiple functions, including driving physical and sexual development over the long term (2) a hormone that is involved in the development of sex characteristics and the motivation of sexual behaviour

Question 24

Transgender

Answer 24

Individuals who experience a mismatch between the gender that they identify with and their biological sex

Question 25

Achievement Motivation

Answer 25

The drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals

Question 26

Amotivation

Answer 26

A feeling of having little or no motivation to perform a behaviour

Question 27

Approach Goal

Answer 27

An enjoyable and pleasant incentive that a person is drawn toward, such as praise, financial reward, or feeling of satisfaction