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Med Careers > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

tissues

A

collection of similar cells acting together to perform certain functions; combination of 2 or more tissues make up organs

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2
Q

4 major tissue types

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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3
Q

epi

A

sit on top of something

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4
Q

epithelial tissues

A

-form outer layer or cover and sit on top of other tissue
-can line the inside of hollow organs by sitting on top of other tissues
-make up glands

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5
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissues

A

-always have a free top or apex
-cellularity
-anchored together with desmosomes and tight junctions to form sheets of cells
-avascular but has nerve endings(innervation)
-regenerative(replaced frequently)
-can have cilia and microvilli(cleaners/sweepers and absorbers)

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6
Q

cellularity

A

made up of tightly packed cells

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7
Q

4 types of epithelial tissue

A

-squamous(flat, squashed)
-cuboidal(cube-shaped)
-columnar(column-like)
-transitional(stretchy and variably shaped)

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8
Q

2 classifications of epithelial tissue

A

-simple(single layer all of the same type)
-stratified(several layers; named by types of cell on outer layer)

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9
Q

simple squamous epithelium structure

A

single layer of thin, flattened cells

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10
Q

simple squamous epithelium function

A

well suited for diffusion- very thin/permeable, very slick

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11
Q

simple squamous epithelium location

A

-lines insides of all blood vessels
-lines the inside of the heart(endocardium)
-lines the walls of capillaries and are responsible for feeding tissue and alveoli

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12
Q

alveoli

A

air sacs of the lungs

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13
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium structure

A

single layer of cube-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei

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14
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium function

A

secretion(glands) and sometimes absorption(microvilli)

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15
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium location

A

kidney tubules and ducts of some glands(salivary, thyroid, pancreas, and liver) <-absorption, and glands(excretion)

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16
Q

gland types

A

endocrine & exocrine

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17
Q

endocrine glands

A

-makes their product and secretes it into the matrix
-capillaries come inside and pickup the product
-product is always a hormone

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18
Q

matrix

A

fluid outside the cell

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19
Q

exocrine glands

A

-secretes it’s product outside of itself using a duct
-product examples: saliva, mucous, sweat, enzymes, oil/wax, milk, and reproductive fluids

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20
Q

3 types of exocrine secretion methods

A

-merocrine secretion
-apocrine secretion
-holocrine secretion

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21
Q

merocine secretion

A

cells release their product through exocytosis(mucus)

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22
Q

apocrine secretion

A

the apex of the cells become full of product, pinches off and moves into the duct, and finally breaks down releasing the product(milk)

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23
Q

holocrine secretion

A

the whole cell becomes full of product and ruptures to release the product(sebaceous or oil glands found with hair follicles)

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24
Q

simple columnar epithelium structure

A

elongated cells, nuclei are all located near the basement membrane often having microvilli or cilia

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25
Q

simple columnar epithelium function

A

big absorber and cilia can help move things

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26
Q

simple columnar epithelium location

A

line uterus/fallopian tubes, and intestines(places for absorption or need cilia)

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27
Q

pseudostratified(false) columnar epithelium structure

A

looks like more than one layer, but it’s not, nuclei not all on bottom, have cilia, also have goblet cells

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28
Q

pseudostratified(false) columnar epithelium function

A

sweep debris out of lungs, goblet cells produce mucin(runny, white, clear) and histamine(released by white blood cells caused goblet cells to increase activity)

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29
Q

pseudostratified(false) columnar epithelium location

A

only found in lining of upper respiratory tract(trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles)

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30
Q

stratified squamous epithelium structure

A

flattened layers of cells

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31
Q

stratified squamous epithelium function

A

body’s wear and tear tissue, it’s made to take lots of low energy friction, exposure to the environment, protect us from fluid loss and invasion

32
Q

stratified squamous epithelium location

A

makes up outer layer of skin, and lines the mouth, throat, vagina, and anal canal

33
Q

epithelial tissue sit on some form of…

A

connective tissue; the nutrients in the connective tissues matrix diffuse upward and feed the avascular epithelial tissue

34
Q

basement membrane

A

the very bottom of epithelial tissue

35
Q

mitotic cells

A

the new daughter cells will be pushed upward

36
Q

melanocytes

A

release their pigment(melanin) in response to the sun; this pigment gives the skin color and is determined by the amount of melanin they release(genetic); everybody has the same number of melanocytes

37
Q

as cells are pushed upward

A

they flatten and become squamous

38
Q

the top layer of the tissue

A

the diffusion of nutrients and these cells are now starved and die; the top layer of this tissue is dead; some places on the body make this layer thicker in response to increased friction(an example of this is callus on your hands or feet)

39
Q

keratin

A

a tough protective and waterproof protein that can be added to this layer; tissue that have this protein are known as keratinized

40
Q

desquamification

A

because these cells on the top layer are dead, they respond to friction by falling off. This takes the friction away from the body.(similar to how nascar cars are designed to fall apart when it crashes to take the energy or force of the crash away from the driver)

41
Q

carcinoma

A

any type of cancer to the epithelial tissue(skin cancer)

42
Q

3 types of carcinoma

A

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma

43
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

80% of skin cancers; usually caused by too much exposure before the age of 20; looks like a pimple that can’t go away; 99% cure rate

44
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

15% of skin cancers; too much sun exposure; can appear red and scaly(sometimes bleeds), but doesn’t heal and go away; 99% cure rate

45
Q

malignant melanoma

A

3-5% of skin cancers; sun exposure and has a genetic link(increases with tanning beds); grows down through the basement membrane and can spread(metastasis); deadly(survival depends on early detection)

46
Q

moles

A

usually groups of melanocytes; genetics play a large role in location and number

47
Q

ABCD method for looking for skin cancer

A

A- asymmetry(a mole should be round and not have unequal sides)
B- border(the boarders should be smooth, not jagged)
C- color(any color changes could imply a problem)
D- diameter(has the mole gotten bigger? Does the size exceed the diameter of a pencil eraser?)

48
Q

1st degree burn

A

top part of the epidermis is burned irritating nerve endings

49
Q

1st degree burn signs and symptoms

A

painful, red, no blisters

50
Q

1st degree burn healing

A

3-7 days

51
Q

1st degree burn treatment

A

cool compress and aloe vera

52
Q

2nd degree burn

A

epidermis and into the dermis

53
Q

2nd degree burn signs and symptoms

A

painful, red, blisters, pealing of damaged/dead skin days later

54
Q

2nd degree burn healing

A

7-10 days depending on burn depth

55
Q

2nd degree burn treatment

A

cool compress, aloe vera, do not break blisters(can open skin to an infection)

56
Q

what is in the pus in blisters

A

plasma

57
Q

1st and 2nd degree burns are known as

A

partial thickness burns and will heal with no scarring

58
Q

3rd degree burn

A

entire thickness of the epidermis and dermis

59
Q

3rd degree burn signs and symptoms

A

no pain(nerve endings have been burned and cannot carry pain messages to the brain), whitish or grayish color, sometimes skin slippage, and oozing of fluid

60
Q

3rd degree burn healing

A

months to one year depending on the location and percentage of body burned

61
Q

3rd degree burn treatment

A

% of body burned is determined by using the “rule of nines”; several things must be done in order for the patient to survive

62
Q

3rd degree burn treatment options

A

-IV fluids administration and increase caloric intake (The body is oozing precious fluid that is loaded with nutrition. The body also goes into a high calorie uptake for the healing, so we must feed that process.)
-IV antibiotics (The body has lost a valuable barrier to bacteria and the nutrient fluid oozing out is an excellent medium to grow microorganisms)
-Debriedment (removal of dead skin) and wrapping the wounds with protective covering or skin grafts
-Many months of skin grafts and compression bandages (keeps the scar tissue thickness down) and physical/emotional therapy

63
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium structure

A

two to three layers of cuboidal cells lining an opening of larger glands(endocrine)

64
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium function

A

several layers of cells provide greater protection than one single layer; secretors

65
Q

stratified cuboidal epithelium location

A

mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas(larger glands)

66
Q

stratified columnar epithelium structure

A

consists of several layers of columnar cells

67
Q

stratified columnar epithelium location

A

not located in very many places in the body: found in vas deferens(male reproductive) and parts of the pharynx; junction of distal esophagus and cardiac sphincter(can be replaced by stratified squamous is constantly damaged by acid reflux)

68
Q

transitional epithelium

A

designed to distend and return to its normal size, as in lining of the urinary bladder( transitions from cuboidal to squamous as bladder fills); also present in placentas

69
Q

epithelial membranes

A

contain layer of epithelial tissue and bottom layer of specialized connective tissue

70
Q

3 types of epithelial membranes

A

cutaneous, mucous, serous

71
Q

cutaneous membranes

A

functions like a tarp over a boat; ex. skin

72
Q

mucous membranes

A

lines openings to outside(digestive tract, respiratory, urinary, reproductive); contains specialized cells that produce mucus

73
Q

serous membranes

A

two layered membrane with potential space between; produce serous fluid which reduces friction between tissues and organs

74
Q

2 types of serous membranes

A

parietal & visceral

75
Q

parietal membrane

A

lines walls of cavities

76
Q

visceral membrane

A

wraps around organs

Med Careers (7 decks)

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