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Biology Grade 11 > Unit 1: Diversity > Flashcards

Unit 1: Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Phylum Porifera

A

Animalia - Sponges
- asymmetrical
- no tissues or organs
- colony of specialized cells
- filter feeders
- sessile as adults
- good powers of regeneration

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2
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A

Animalia - Jellyfish, corals, anemones
- radial symmetry
- two tissue layers (inner mesoglea)
- primitive nerve net but no brain
- 2-way digestive tract
- stinging cells for capturing food

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3
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

Animalia - Flatworms
- bilateral symmetry
- primative brain
- 3 tissue layers

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4
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A

Animalia - Roundworms
- No cilia or flagella
- surrounded by a protective cuticle
- can only bend side to side
- no circulatory or respiratiry system
- in unfavourable conditions can suspend life processes

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5
Q

Phylum Annelida

A

Animalia - segmented worms
- earthworms
- one way digestive tract
- well developed digestive and circulatory systems

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6
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

Animalia - snails, slugs, clams
- either have no shell one shell or two shells
- have a hard mouth part

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7
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A

Animalia - insects, centipedes, millipedes
- exoskeleton made of chitin
- must shed shell to grow

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8
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A

Animalia - sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars
- radial symmetry in adults and bilateral in larvae
- tube feet and water vascualr system
- most exhibit pentamerism

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9
Q

Phylum Chordata

A

Animalia - fish, birds, mammals
- dorsal hollow nerve tube
- notochord
- pharyngeal gill slits
- post anal tail

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10
Q

What defines a fungi

A
  • Firm cell walls (chitin)
  • spores as reproductive bodies
  • unique chromosomes and nuclei
  • includes mold, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms
  • eukaryotic and absorptive
  • mostly unicellular
  • heterotrophic
  • mycelium
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11
Q

What defines an animal

A
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • heterotrophic
  • no cell wall
  • motile in some stage of life
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12
Q

Phylum Chytridiomycota

A

Fungi
- mainly aquatic
- some saprobic, some parasitic
- Chitin cell wall
- flagellated zoospores

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13
Q

Phylum Zygomycota

A

Fungi - bread molds
- zygote = “mated” hyphal strands
- live in soil and water
- some are parasites

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14
Q

Phylum Ascomycota

A

Fungi - truffles, yeast
- decomposers
- pathogens
- have asci (fruiting body)

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15
Q

Phylum Basidiomycota

A

Fungi -
- have a basidium (fruiting body, club shaped) that produces basidiospores
- food
- plant disease

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16
Q

Phylum Deuteromycota

A

Fungi - no longer exist - athletes foot
- saprobial, parasitic, predatory
- produce conidia
- mostly classified as ascomycota
- asexual
- penicillin

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17
Q

Lichens

A

A fusion of fungi and a unicellular producer (protist or a eubacteria)

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18
Q

Phylum Cercezoa

A

Animal-like - amoebas (endamoeba hystolitica- feeding on the lining of the small intestine)
- no cell wall
- use internal cytoskeleton to move
- pseudopods for feeding and moving

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19
Q

Phylum Ciliophora

A

Animal-like - balantidium coli (parasite in large intestine)
- have cilia, help with movement and sweeping food particles into the cell

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20
Q

Phylum Zoomastigina

A

Animal-like - species living in termites (mutualistic relationship)
- have a flagella to move
- have a hard protective layer covering their outer membrane
- some freeliving, parasitic, some in mutualistic relationships

21
Q

Phylum Sporozoa

A

Animal-like - plasmodium (cause malaria in humans)
- parasites of animals
alternated between sexual and asexual reproduction
- alternate between 2 hosts

22
Q

Phylum Chrysophyta

A

Plant-like - pinnularia (important oxygen producer and indicator of pollution)
- rigid cell walls (made up of two unequal parts)
- Mostly asexual reproduction by mitosis (sexual under unfavourable conditions)

23
Q

Phylum Pyrrophyta

A

Plant-like - Pfiesterua Piscicids (cause large fish kills and algae booms)
- 2 flagella
- move by spinning through water
- can cause red tide
- some are in mutulistic relationships
- cause coral bleaching when temeratures rise

24
Q

Phylum Euglenophyta

A

Plant-like - Phacus (photosynthetic, live in ditches, swamps, and ponds)
- photosynthesis
- have flagella and can absorb nutrients
- autotrophs in the sun and heterotrophs in the dark
- have an eyespot

25
Q

Phylum Phaeophyta

A

Plant-like - kelp - brown algae
- grow in high density
- they have a stipe (long rod blades are attached too), blades (leaves), and a holdfast
- Photosynthesis

26
Q

Phylum Rhodophyta

A

Plant-like - Nori (food) - red algae
- up to a meter in length
- in warm coastal areas
- can produce pigment that allows red algae to thrive deep in the ocean

27
Q

Phylum Chlorophyta

A

Plant-like - Ulva (sea lettuce) - green algae
- mostly aquatic
- closest to plants
- cellulose walls

28
Q

Plasmodial slime molds

A

Fungi-like
- visible to unaided eye
- contains many neclei
- engluf small particles off food into their cytoplasm
- some cytoplasm forms a skeletal structure

29
Q

cellular slime molds

A

Fungi-like
- individual amoebe cells with one nucleus each
- injest tiny bacteria or yeast cells
- can release a chemical that gathers them togethet to form a pseudolasmodium

30
Q

Water molds

A

Fungi-like
- filamentous
- resemble fungi
- most live on dead organic matter
- some parasites of fish, insects, and plants

31
Q

What are the taxa levels?

A

Domain, Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

32
Q

How do you write names in binomial nomenclature?

A

Genus species
- capitalize genus
- lowercase species
- if types italisized
- if written underlined

33
Q

What are the 6 kingdoms?

A

Eubacteria, Archeabacteria, plantae, protista, animalia, fungi

34
Q

What defines a plant?

A
  • photosynthesis
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • autotrophic
  • sexual reproduction
  • cellulose cell wall
35
Q

Charactersitics of eubacteria

A
  • prokaryotic
  • unicellular
  • autotrophic and heterotrophic
  • cell wall is peptidoglycan
  • asexual
36
Q

Charactersitics of archeabacteria

A
  • prokaryotic
  • unicellular
  • occasionally no cell wall
  • autotrophic and heterotrophic
  • asexual
37
Q

What is a virus and why are they not alive?

A

A virus is an infectious agent that contains nucleic acid covered by a capsid. They are not alive because they rely on a host cell to live. They can not live independantly.

38
Q

What is a retrovirus?

A

A retrovirus is a virus with RNA instead of DNA that uses an enzyme to become part of it’s host cells DNA to replicate.

39
Q

What is the lytic cycle?

A

The active cycle
- inserts DNA
- DNA directs host cell to produce viral components like proteins and copies of the virus DNA
- Using these components new viruses are made
- The cell lyses and releases the new viruses

40
Q

What is the lysogenic cycle?

A

The dormant cycle
- inserts DNA
- DNA inserts itself into chromosome
- The DNA is then replicated with the cells DNA
- Binary fission happens (cell division)
- provirus then leaves the hosts chromosomes

41
Q

How do we classify viruses?

A
  • what they affect
  • shape and structure of their capsid (helical symmetry of cubic symmetry)
  • type of genetic material
  • method of infection
42
Q

What is the difference between archae and bacteria?

A
  • Bacteria cell walls contain peptidogycan while archae never do
  • both prokaryotic
  • both unicellular
  • both heterotrophic and autotrophic
43
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Small loops fo DNA and containing genes

44
Q

Gram + and Gram -

A
  • Gram positive turns purple and has a thick cell wall layer
  • Gram negative turns pink and has a thin cell wall layer
45
Q

What is binary fissions and conjugation?

A
  • binary fission is asexual reproduction where a cell divides into two identical cells
  • conjugation is the prcess in which there is a transfer of genetic material involving two cells
46
Q

What is budding?

A
  • asexual reproduction in fungi
  • A new organism develops from a bud on an existing organism
47
Q

What is fragmentation

A
  • asexual reproduction in fungi
  • The body of the organism breaks into pieces each producing a new organism
48
Q

Germ layers

A

Ectoderm - outer layer
mesoderm - middle layer
endoderm - inner layer

49
Q

How do we classify animals?

A
  • number of germ layer
  • body plan and cavities
  • body symmetry
  • segmentation
  • reproduction

Biology Grade 11 (3 decks)

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