HistoWorld LE 5 (Endocrine System) Flashcards
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the endocrine system?
a. Products secreted into blood
b. Glands with ducts
c. Secretes hormones
d. Non localized response
e. All of the following are characteristics of the endocrine system
b. Glands with ducts
The endocrine system is a system of cellular communication. The means of communication is via hormones. The hormones are secreted by ductless glands directly into the bloodstream. Generally, the response to hormones is non localized.
If a gland secretes its product through a duct, it is an exocrine gland.
What type of hormone is testosterone?
a. Protein
b. Amino acid chain
c. Steroid
d. Catecholamine
e. None of the above
c. Steroid
Hormones can have a variety of structures. Hormones which are proteins include insulin and prolactin. Peptide chains are short chains of amino acids. Examples of hormones which are peptide chains are antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin. Steroid hormones are cholesterol derivatives. Steroid hormones include testosterone and estradiol. Norepinephrine and epinephrine are catecholamines.
What organ is nicknamed the “master gland”
a. Adrenal medulla
b. Adrenal cortex
c. Brain
d. Pituitary
e. Heart
d. Pituitary
The pituitary is nicknamed the master gland.
What cell type secretes ACTH?
a. Lactotropic cells
b. Thyrotropic cells
c. Somatotropic cells
d. Corticotropic cells
e. Gonadotropic cells
d. Corticotropic cells
There are several cell types in the pars distalis (anterior pituitary).
Lactotropic cells secrete prolactin.
Thyrotropic cells secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
Somatotropic cells secrete growth hormone.
Corticotropic cells secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). Gonadotropic cells secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
Where is corpora arenacea found?
a. Pituitary
b. Pineal gland
c. Adrenal gland
d. Pancreas
e. Thyroid
b. Pineal gland
Corpora arenacea is nicknamed “brain sand”. Corpora arenacea is calcification seen in the pineal gland.
Which gland secretes melatonin?
a. Pancreas
b. Thyroid
c. Pineal gland
d. Adrenal gland (cortex)
e. Adrenal gland (medulla)
c. Pineal gland
The endocrine portion of the pancreas secretes insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.
The thyroid gland secretes the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and calcitonin.
The pineal gland secretes melatonin. The cortex of the adrenal gland secretes a variety of corticosteroids.
It secretes mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone), glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) and sex steroids.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted from the adrenal medulla.
Which cell type are involved in the secretion thyroglobulin?
a. Principal cell
b. Oxyphil cell
c. Parafollicular cells
d. Follicular cells
e. Chromaffin cells
d. Follicular cells
There are two cell types in the parathyroid gland: principal cells and oxyphil cells.
Principal cells are also called chief cells. Principal cells are the more prevalent.
Oxyphil cells are also found in the parathyroid gland; however they are not as prevalent as principal cells.
There are two cell types in the thyroid: follicular cells and parafollicular cells.
Follicular cells release and store thyroid hormone.
Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland are also called C cells. They secrete calcitonin.
Where is insulin secreted from?
a. Alpha cells
b. Beta cells
c. Gamma cells
d. Delta cells
e. Acini
b. Beta cells
The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ.
The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostatin. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.
The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas.
Which of the following is part of the adrenal gland?
a. Chromaffin cells
b. Zona reticularis
c. Zona glomerulosa
d. Zona fasciculata
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
The adrenal gland is composed of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla.
The layers of the adrenal cortex, from outermost to innermost are: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis. The respective principle products are: mineralocorticods, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids.
The cells of the adrenal medulla are chromaffin cells. They secrete the catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine).
Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: A mnemonic to remember the layers of the adrenal cortex and their respective products is “Go Find Rex; Make Good Sex” (glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis) (mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, sex steroids).
Which part the adrenal gland secretes glucocorticoids?
a. Chromaffin cells
b. Zona reticularis
c. Zona glomerulosa
d. Zona fasciculata
e. None of the above
d. Zona fasciculata
The adrenal gland is composed of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla.
The layers of the adrenal cortex, from outermost to innermost are:
zona glomerulosa,
zona fasciculata,
zona reticularis.
The respective principle products are: mineralocorticods, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids.
The cells of the adrenal medulla are chromaffin cells. They secrete the catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine).
Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: A mnemonic to remember the layers of the adrenal cortex and their respective products is “Go Find Rex; Make Good Sex” (glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis) (mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, sex steroids).
What type of hormone is insulin?
a. Protein
b. Peptide
c. Steroid
d. Catecholamine
e. None of the above
a. Protein
Hormones can have a variety of structures.
Hormones which are proteins include insulin and prolactin.
Peptide chains are short chains of amino acids. Examples of hormones which are peptide chains are antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin.
Steroid hormones are cholesterol derivatives.
Steroid hormones include testosterone and estradiol.
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are catecholamines.
What connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus?
a. Pars intermedia
b. Pars tuberalis
c. Infundibulum
d. Adenohypophysis
e. Neurohypophysis
c. Infundibulum
The pituitary is nicknamed the master gland. The infundibulum connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus.
The pituitary can be subdivided into the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis.
The adenohypophysis can be further sub-divided into the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis. The adenohypophysis (more specifically, the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis) secretes tropic hormones.
Tropic hormones affect cellular activity in their target organ.
The neurohypophysis secretes two hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.
Which of the following is not part of the adenohypophysis?
a. Pars intermedia
b. Pars tuberalis
c. Pars distalis
d. Pars nervosa
e. All of the above are part of the adenohypophysis
d. Pars nervosa
The pituitary can be subdivided into the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis.
The adenohypophysis can be further sub-divided into the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis. The pars distalis is the anterior lobe of the pituitary.
The neurohypophysis can be further sub-divided into the pars nervosa, infundibular stalk, and median eminence. The pars nervosa is the posterior lobe.
What cell type secretes prolactin?
a. Lactotropic cells
b. Thyrotropic cells
c. Somatotropic cells
d. Corticotropic cells
e. Gonadotropic cells
a. Lactotropic cells
There are several cell types in the pars distalis (anterior pituitary). Lactotropic cells secrete prolactin. Thyrotropic cells secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Somatotropic cells secrete growth hormone. Corticotropic cells secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). Gonadotropic cells secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
Which of the following cells can be classified as an acidophil?
a. Gonadotropic cells
b. Corticotropic cells
c. Thyrotropic cells
d. Lactotropic cells
e. All of the above
d. Lactotropic cells
The cells of the pars distalis (anterior pituitary) can be classified as acidophils or basophils depending on their affinity for acid or basic dyes, respectively.
The acidophils are the somatotropic cells and the lactotropic cells. Thus, growth hormone and prolactin are secreted by acidophilic cells.
The basophils are the gonadotropic cells, corticotropic cells and thyrotropic cells. Thus, the basophils secrete FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH.
Histology hint from Sarah Bellham:
There are two mnemonics to use when thinking of acidophils and basophils of the anterior pituitary.
“GPA” (growth hormone and prolactin are secreted by the acidophils).
“B-FLAT” (basophils secrete FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH).
Which gland secretes calcitonin?
a. Pancreas
b. Thyroid
c. Pineal gland
d. Adrenal gland (cortex)
e. Adrenal gland (medulla)
b. Thyroid
The endocrine portion of the pancreas secretes insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. The thyroid gland secretes the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and calcitonin. The pineal gland secretes melatonin. The cortex of the adrenal gland secretes a variety of corticosteroids. It secretes mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone), glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) and sex steroids. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted from the adrenal medulla.
Which cell type are also called C cells?
a. Principal cell
b. Oxyphil cell
c. Parafollicular cells
d. Follicular cells
e. Chromaffin cells
c. Parafollicular cells
There are two cell types in the parathyroid gland: principal cells and oxyphil cells. Principal cells are also called chief cells. Principal cells are the more prevalent. Oxyphil cells are also found in the parathyroid gland; however they are not as prevalent as principal cells.
There are two cell types in the thyroid: follicular cells and parafollicular cells. Follicular cells release and store thyroid hormone. Parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland are also called C cells. They secrete calcitonin.
The cells of the adrenal medulla are chromaffin cells.
Where is glucagon secreted from?
a. Alpha cells
b. Beta cells
c. Gamma cells
d. Delta cells
e. Acini
a. Alpha cells
The pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine organ.
The endocrine portion of the pancreas is housed in the islets of Langerhans. Within the islets, there are several cell types. The alpha cells secrete glucagon. The beta cells secrete insulin. The delta cells secrete somatostatin. The gamma cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.
The acini is the exocrine portion of the pancreas.
Which of the following is a component of the adrenal medulla?
a. Chromaffin cells
b. Zona reticularis
c. Zona glomerulosa
d. Zona fasciculata
e. All of the above
a. Chromaffin cells
The adrenal gland is composed of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla.
The layers of the adrenal cortex, from outermost to innermost are: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis. The respective principle products are: mineralocorticods, glucocorticoids, and sex steroids.
The cells of the adrenal medulla are chromaffin cells. They secrete the catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine).
Histology hint from Sarah Bellham: A mnemonic to remember the layers of the adrenal cortex and their respective products is “Go Find Rex; Make Good Sex” (glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis) (mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, sex steroids).
What are the cells of the pineal gland called?
a. Follicular cells
b. Parafollicular cells
c. Pinealocytes
d. P cells
e. PP cells
c. Pinealocytes
The cells of the pineal gland called pinealocytes. There are also glial cells in the pineal gland. PP cells are cells in the pancreas which secrete pancreatic polypeptide.
What type of hormone is prolactin?
a. Protein
b. Peptide
c. Steroid
d. Catecholamine
e. None of the above
a. Protein
Hormones can have a variety of structures. Hormones which are proteins include insulin and prolactin. Peptide chains are short chains of amino acids. Examples of hormones which are peptide chains are antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin. Steroid hormones are cholesterol derivatives. Steroid hormones include testosterone and estradiol. Norepinephrine and epinephrine are catecholamines.
Where are tropic hormones secreted from?
a. Pars intermedia
b. Pars tuberalis
c. Infundibulum
d. Adenohypophysis
e. Neurohypophysis
d. Adenohypophysis
The pituitary is nicknamed the master gland. The infundibulum connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus. The pituitary can be subdivided into the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. The adenohypophysis can be further sub-divided into the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis. The adenohypophysis (more specifically, the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis) secretes tropic hormones. Tropic hormones affect cellular activity in their target organ. The neurohypophysis secretes two hormones: oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.
Which of the following is not part of the neurohypophysis?
a. Median eminence
b. Pars distalis
c. Pars nervosa
d. Infundibular stalk
e. All of the above are part of the neurohypophysis
b. Pars distalis
The pituitary can be subdivided into the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis. The adenohypophysis can be further sub-divided into the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis. The pars distalis is the anterior lobe of the pituitary. The neurohypophysis can be further sub-divided into the pars nervosa, infundibular stalk, and median eminence. The pars nervosa is the posterior lobe.
What cell type secretes MSH?
a. Lactotropic cells
b. Thyrotropic cells
c. Somatotropic cells
d. Corticotropic cells
e. Gonadotropic cells
d. Corticotropic cells
There are several cell types in the pars distalis (anterior pituitary). Lactotropic cells secrete prolactin. Thyrotropic cells secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Somatotropic cells secrete growth hormone. Corticotropic cells secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). Gonadotropic cells secrete follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
Which of the following cells can be classified as an acidophil?
a. Corticotropic cells
b. Thyrotropic cells
c. Gonadotropic cells
d. None of the above
e. All of the above
d. None of the above
The cells of the pars distalis (anterior pituitary) can be classified as acidophils or basophils depending on their affinity for acid or basic dyes, respectively.
The acidophils are the somatotropic cells and the lactotropic cells. Thus, growth hormone and prolactin are secreted by acidophilic cells.
The basophils are the gonadotropic cells, corticotropic cells and thyrotropic cells. Thus, the basophils secrete FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH.
Histology hint from Sarah Bellham:
There are two mnemonics to use when thinking of acidophils and basophils of the anterior pituitary.
“GPA” (growth hormone and prolactin are secreted by the acidophils).
“B-FLAT” (basophils secrete FSH, LH, ACTH, and TSH).
Which gland secretes epinephrine?
a. Pancreas
b. Thyroid
c. Pineal gland
d. Adrenal gland (cortex)
e. Adrenal gland (medulla)
e. Adrenal gland (medulla)
The endocrine portion of the pancreas secretes insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. The thyroid gland secretes the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and calcitonin. The pineal gland secretes melatonin. The cortex of the adrenal gland secretes a variety of corticosteroids. It secretes mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone), glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) and sex steroids. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted from the adrenal medulla.
Which gland secretes cortisol?
a. Pancreas
b. Thyroid
c. Pineal gland
d. Adrenal gland (cortex)
e. Adrenal gland (medulla)
d. Adrenal gland (cortex)
The endocrine portion of the pancreas secretes insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin. The thyroid gland secretes the thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and calcitonin. The pineal gland secretes melatonin. The cortex of the adrenal gland secretes a variety of corticosteroids. It secretes mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone), glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) and sex steroids. Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted from the adrenal medulla.
