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Cellular Pathology I > Staining > Flashcards

Staining Flashcards

1
Q

_____________ refers to the procedures in which tissue sections act as the medium in which biochemical reactions are carried out by the addition of substrates, inhibitors, or other chemicals.

A

Histochemistry

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2
Q

A ___________ is a colouring agent.

A

Chromogen

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3
Q

The __________ is the component that is stained.

A

Substrate

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4
Q

___________ substances bond to acidic groups or dyes.

A

Acidophilic

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5
Q

______________ substances bind to basic groups or dyes.

A

Basophilic

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6
Q

Give an example of a dichrome stain.

A

Haematoxylin and eosin

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7
Q

Masson’s trichrome has ____ component dyes.

A

Three

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8
Q

Staining reactions have both _________ and chemical characteristics.

A

Physical

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9
Q

Dye may actually be dissolved in the stained substrate; most ____ staining is achieved by this method.

A

Fat

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10
Q

A dye may be absorbed on the surface of a structure, or may be __________ within the structure.

A

Precipitated

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11
Q

Give two examples of how union between a dye and stained substance can be brought about.

A

Salt linkages and hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

True or false: staining is generally predictable, but can vary.

A

True

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13
Q

State two features which may affect staining efficacy.

A

Ionic strength of solutions used and temperature

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14
Q

Staining by direct bonding exploits the affinity for _______ found in a cellular component, due to binding and bonding.

A

Chromogen

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15
Q

Staining by adsorption involves _______ ____ staining.

A

Metallic ion

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16
Q

What method of staining is used to visualise fungi?

A

Adsorption

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17
Q

Staining by solubility accounts for ____ staining.

A

Lipid

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18
Q

____ ____ __ is used to visualise lipids.

A

Oil Red O

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19
Q

Chemical reactions include insoluble precipitate formation, due to a substrate creating a chromogen at the site of reactivity. What stain can achieve the above?

A

Perl’s Prussian Blue

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20
Q

Schmorl’s stain uses reducing compounds to attract and reduce ___________ to ferrocyanide.

A

Ferricyanide

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21
Q

Indirect methods, through antibody- or oligonucleotide probe-binding to the substrate, link to ___________.

A

Chromosomes

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22
Q

Perl’s Prussian Blue is used for ______.

A

Iron

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23
Q

Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stain is used for __________.

A

Carbohydrates

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24
Q

List three natural dyes.

A

Henna, carmine, and haematoxylin

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25
Q

List three synthetic dyes.

A

Eosin, methyl blue, and neutral red

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26
Q

__________ ________ numbers identify specific dyes.

A

Colour index

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27
Q

Dyes generally have an _______ structure.

A

Aromatic

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28
Q

_______________ structure enable the visibility of dyes.

A

Chromophoric

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29
Q

The chromophore is the portion of a molecule’s structure which absorbs visible light _________, causing the molecule to have colour.

A

Photons

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30
Q

Nitro dyes, such as picric acid, have a __________ group as the chromophore.

A

Nitro

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31
Q

_____ dyes, such as Orange G and xanthene, have a -N=N group as the chromophore.

A

Azo

32
Q

Acidic dyes bind to basic tissue elements, and exist as _________ in solution.

A

Anions

33
Q

_______ dyes bind to acidic tissue elements, and exist as cations in solution.

A

Basic

34
Q

________ dyes stain through solubility.

A

Neutral

35
Q

Any substance that is stained by basic dye is _________, carrying acids groups which bind the basic dye through salt linkages.

A

Basophilic

36
Q

A substance that is stained by an ______ dye is referred to as acidophilic, carrying basic groups to bind acid.

A

Acid

37
Q

Wright’s stain is an example of a ________ stain.

A

Neutral

38
Q

Neutral stains are ___________ of acid and basic dye.

A

Compounds

39
Q

Neutral stains are ___________ of acid and basic dye.

A

Compounds

40
Q

The resultant precipitates of neutral dyes are usually insoluble in water, but soluble in _________.

A

Alcohol

41
Q

____________ dyes stain one component.

A

Progressive

42
Q

____________ dyes overstain all components, and excess must be removed.

A

Regressive

43
Q

Differentiation is the microscopic control of dye removal, breaking bonds of _______-bound dye.

A

Weakly

44
Q

An accelerator increases staining power, without acting as a __________.

A

Mordant

45
Q

Fluorescent dyes emit light under ____.

A

UV

46
Q

_____________ stains give different colours to the dye solution.

A

Metachromatic

47
Q

Lyoschrome dyes demonstrate lipids, and are _______________ stains that rely on solubility.

A

Hydrophobic

48
Q

True or false: microanatomical dyes are used for demonstrating general relationships between cellular components.

A

True

49
Q

___________ dyes emphasise minute structure.

A

Cytological

50
Q

What is a mordant?

A

Chemical that serves as a link between the dye and the substrate, resulting in an insoluble compound that helps adhere the dye to the cells

51
Q

Haematein (from haematoxylin) has poor ________, and must be combined with a mordant, before use as a nuclear stain.

A

Affinity

52
Q

Mordants confer a _________ charge, enabling binding to anionic tissue.

A

Positive

53
Q

True or false: alum, iron, and tungsten are not examples of mordants.

A

False

54
Q

A ‘haematoxylin lake’ results from the combination of a mordant and what substance?

A

Haematein

55
Q

Application of silver or gold solution produces black, insoluble _________ deposits, on selected reactive sites.

A

Metal

56
Q

Reduction of metal salts to the metallic state by _________ ________ occurs during adsorption staining.

A

Tissue aggregates

57
Q

State the principle of Perl’s Prussian Blue stain.

A

The stain causes production of coloured, chemical compound, through interaction of a series of chemical solutions, with reactive tissue component. Tissue is treated with 2% hydrochloric acid, to liberate ferric iron from protein complexes, and then with potassium ferrocyanide, to allow ferrocyanide ion complexes to interact with ferric ion, to form a blue compound. It is useful in demonstrating haemochromatosis

58
Q

What is the principle of the Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) stain?

A

Firstly, tissue is treated with 1% periodic stain, whereby groups in hexose molecules are oxidised to dialgehyde, then treated with Schiff reagent, to bind dialdehydes, and recolour basic fuchsin, to turn magenta pink

59
Q

What two modifications must be made to haematoxylin before it is used?

A

Oxidation, and addition of metal ion

60
Q

Outline four mordants used with haematoxylin, and why they are used.

A

Aluminium stains nuclei red initially, which turns to blue-black after washing, and can be used to stain regressively, where the section is overstained, and the tissue is differentiated, then ‘bluing up’ is performed. Iron demonstrates a greater range of structures than aluminium. Tungsten uses 1% phosphotungstic acid as the mordant, staining blue-purple. Lead is useful for demonstration of granules in GI tract tissues

61
Q

Although primarily used to stain nuclei, ___________ will also stain rough ER, ribosomes, collagen, myelin, elastic fibres, and acid mucins.

A

Haematoxylin

62
Q

Haematoxylin may be used progressively, in which the length of time the tissue remains in contact with the staining solution is used to control the amount of colouration, or regressively, in which the tissue is over-stained, and excess stain is removed by _____________.

A

Differentiation

63
Q

________ is a fluorescent, xanthene, synthetic dye, which binds salts with eosinophilic compounds containing positive charges.

A

Eosin

64
Q

True or false: eosin is negatively-charged.

A

True

65
Q

What is eosin’s primary staining target?

A

Cytoplasm

66
Q

Most staining is performed in an __________ stainer.

A

Automated

67
Q

Participation in external quality programmes, such as _________ , is important.

A

NEQAS

68
Q

In Masson’s trichrome, what is Solution A?

A

Acid fuchsin in distilled water

69
Q

In Masson’s trichrome, what is Solution B?

A

Phosphomolybdic acid in distilled water

70
Q

What is Solution C usually, when found as part of Masson’s trichrome?

A

Methyl blue

71
Q

Phosphomolybdic acid acts as a differentiator, forcing _________ of the acid dye out of collagen, while retaining it in the cytoplasm (collagen is less permeable than cytoplasm).

A

Diffusion

72
Q

______________ ______facilitates the binding of aniline blue (or other dye) to the decolourised collagen.

A

Phosphomolybdic acid

73
Q

What is the order of application of the stains of Masson’s trichrome?

A

Haematoxylin, Solution A, Solution B, and Solution C

74
Q

Masson’s technique discerns _________ from muscle fibres.

A

Collagen

75
Q

RBC are least permeable, and are coloured by dyes with _________ molecular size in trichrome staining.

A

Smallest

76
Q

_______ increases the rate of penetration in trichrome staining.

A

Heat

77
Q

Trichrome specimens must be prepared in a _____ pH, to achieve adequate and even staining of connective tissue.

A

Low

Cellular Pathology I (9 decks)

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