Theories of Counseling Flashcards
A counselor who follows an eclectic approach to counseling primarily bases the choice of utilized techniques upon
A. the severity of the emotional distress exhibited by the client.
B. the clients intellectual, emotional, and environmental resources.
C. whether the client was referred or volunteered for counseling.
D. the theoretical orientation espoused in the counselors professional preparation program.
B. the clients intellectual, emotional, and environmental resources.
Client: “I just can’t see myself working in a hospital, being around sick kids all day.” Counselor: You just don’t like kids.
The counselor in this example has made which of the following types of reflection error?
A. depth.
B. capitulation.
C. meaning.
D. syntax.
C. meaning.
The counseling technique used by the counselor to explain to a client the logical inconsistencies in the clients statements is known as
A. confrontation.
B. summarization.
C. paradoxical intention.
D. systematic desensitization.
A. confrontation.
In the context of the reality therapy approach to counseling, the counselor strives to achieve a counseling relationship in which the counselor assumes a(n) _________ role in decision-making relative to the client.
A. superordinate
B. equal.
C. subordinate.
D. antithetical.
B. equal.
In Schein’s “Doctor-Patient” model of consultation, which of the following conditions must be met for the consultation process to be effective?
A. The consultee correctly interprets the systems identified.
B. The consultee trusts that the consultant has provided accurate diagnostic information.
C. The consultee is willing to implement the suggestions made by the consultant.
D. All of the above conditions must be met.
D. All of the above conditions must be met.
A client comes to a counselor complaining of “being generally unhappy.” However, the client is unable to clarify further the nature of the unhappiness other than through vague allusions to being not interested in anything. At this point, in the process, the counselor would be best advised to
A. confront the clients inability to clarify the reasons for the unhappiness.
B. explore activities that the client enjoyed in the past.
C. use active-listening skills until the client is better able to describe the problem.
D. generate and discuss possible reasons for the clients unhappiness.
C. use active-listening skills until the client is better able to describe the problem.
Client: “Most of the time things are fine, but I hate it when my parents fight. It makes me want to run away from home.” Counselor: “Is it possible that you both love and hate your parents?”
The counselors response is an example of the counseling skill known as
A. reflection.
B. interpretation.
C. summarization.
D. confrontation.
B. interpretation.
Which the following is a basic assumption underlying effective use of Caplan’s Mental Health Consultation model?
A. Mental health consultation is a supplement to other problem-solving mechanisms within an organization.
B. Consultee attitudes and affect must be dealt with directly in the mental health consultation process.
C. The technical expertise of the mental health consultant is sufficient for design of the effective intervention.
D. The consultant and consultee share responsibility for case management.
A. Mental health consultation is a supplement to other problem-solving mechanisms within an organization.
Ellis’ rational emotive therapy and Meichenbaums cognitive behavior modification approaches to counseling are similar in that both hold that
A. a client’s cognitions are “hypotheses to be tested,” not absolute facts or truths.
B. clients should perform “personal experiments” to determine if cognitions are beliefs are consistent with objective
reality.
C. “restructuring of cognitions” is an important aspect of therapeutic change.
D. all of the above.
D. all of the above.
Clients and counselors sit closer together, presumably reflecting being psychologically closer, when they are similar in terms of factors such as age, social status, and general appearance (eg. style of clothing worn). However, research in proxemics also has shown that forward (upper-body) trunk lean by a counselor is likely to cause a negative, distancing reaction initially in a client who is
A. depressed and crying.
B. less intelligent than the counselor.
C. a different race from the counselor.
D. much shorter than the counselor.
C. a different race from the counselor.
Counselors who follow a behavioral counseling orientation know that primary emphasis in it is the development of
A. a loving counselor-client relationship.
B. the client’s awareness of subconscious feeling.
C. an awareness of client behavioral stimuli and reinforcements.
D. the client’s needs hierarchy in behavioral terms.
C. an awareness of client behavioral stimuli and reinforcements.
In the context of the counselors use of active learning skills, the following is an example of which type of reflection error? Client: “I just can’t see myself sitting at a desk job all day.”
Counselor: “You want to do outdoor work.”
A. depth.
B. language.
C. meaning.
D. implication.
D. implication.
“Men (used here to mean all people) are disturbed not by things, but by the view which they take of them.” This quote, attributable to Epictetus, most closely describes the counseling theory developed by
A. Rogers.
B. Carkhuff.
C. Freud.
D. Ellis.
D. Ellis.
The counseling technique in which the counselor intensifies the clients emotional state in order to help the client understand the irrationality of the emotional reaction is known as
A. confrontation.
B. paradoxical intention.
C. systematic desensitization.
D. reconfiguration.
B. paradoxical intention.
Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is both a form of treatment and a very comprehensive personality theory. According to Freud’s theory, inborn drives (mainly sexual) help form the personality. _______ and _______, who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology, respectively.
a. Carl Jung; Alfred Adler.
b. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung.
c. Joseph Breuer; A. A. Brill.
d. Alfred Adler; Rollo May.
b. Alfred Adler; Carl Jung.
Eric Berne’s transactional analysis (TA) posits three ego states: the Child, the Adult, and the Parent. These roughly correspond to Freud’s structural theory that includes
a. oral, anal, phallic.
b. unconscious, preconscious, and conscious.
c. a and b.
d. id, ego, and superego.
d. id, ego, and superego.
In transactional analysis, the _______ is the conscience, or ego state concerned with moral behavior, while in Freudian theory it is the _______.
a. Adult; unconscious.
b. Parent;ego.
c. Parent; superego.
d. Parent;id.
c. Parent; superego.
Freudians refer to the ego as
a. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle.
b. the guardian angel of the mind.
c. the pleasure principle.
d. the seat of libido.
a. the executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle.
Freud’s theory speaks of Eros and Thanatos. A client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by
a. Eros.
b. Eros and the id.
c. Thanatos.
d. both Eros and Thanatos.
c. Thanatos.
The id is present at birth and never matures. It operates mainly out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the
a. reality principle.
b. notion of transference.
c. Eros principle.
d. pleasure principle.
d. pleasure principle.
The superego contains the ego ideal. The superego strives for _______, rather than _______ like the id.
a. perfection; pleasure.
b. pleasure; perfection.
c. morals; ethics.
d. logic; reality.
a. perfection; pleasure.
All of these theorists could be associated with the analytic movement except
a. Freud.
b. Jung.
c. Adler.
d. Wolpe.
d. Wolpe.
Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?
a. Little Hans.
b. Little Albert.
c. Anna O.
d. Schreber.
b. Little Albert.
Which case is not associated with the psychodynamic movement?
a. Little Hans.
b. Little Albert.
c. Anna O.
d. Schreber.
b. Little Albert.
In contrast with classical psychoanalysis, psychodynamic counseling or therapy
a. utilizes fewer sessions per week.
b. does not utilize the couch.
c. is performed face to face.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feel- ings is a curative process known as
a. catharsis and/or abreaction.
b. resistance.
c. accurateempathy.
d. reflection of emotional content.
a. catharsis and/or abreaction.
Id, ego, superego is to structural theory as _______ is to topographical theory.
a. Child,Adult,Parent.
b. abreaction, catharsis, introspection.
c. ego ideal.
d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious.
d. unconscious, preconscious, conscious.
In a counseling session, a counselor asked a patient to recall what transpired three months ago to trigger her depression. There was silence for about two and one-half minutes. The client then began to remember. This exchange most likely illustrates the function of the
a. preconscious mind.
b. ego ideal.
c. conscious mind.
d. unconscious mind.
a. preconscious mind.
Most therapists agree that ego defense mechanisms deny or distort reality. Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, and displacement are ego defense mechanisms. According to the Freudians, the most important defense mechanism is
a. repression.
b. reaction formation
c. denial.
d. sublimation
a. repression.
Suppression differs from repression in that
a. suppression is stronger.
b. repression only occurs in children.
c. repression is automatic or involuntary.
d. all of the above.
c. repression is automatic or involuntary.
An aggressive male who becomes a professional boxer because he is sadistic is displaying
a. suppression.
b. rationalization.
c. sublimation.
d. displacement.
c. sublimation.
A student tells a college counselor that he is not upset by a grade of “F” in physical education that marred his fourth year perfect 4.0 average, inasmuch as “straight A students are eggheads.” This demonstrates
a. introjection.
b. reactionformation.
c. sour grapes rationalization.
d. sweet lemon rationalization.
c. sour grapes rationalization.
A master’s level counselor lands an entry level counseling job in an agency in a warm climate. Her office is not air conditioned, but the counselor insists she likes this because sweating really helps to keep her weight in check. This illuminates
a. sour grapes rationalization.
b. sweet lemon rationalization.
c. repression.
d. sublimation.
b. sweet lemon rationalization.
Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is
a. reaction formation.
b. introjection.
c. projection.
d. rationalization.
a. reaction formation.
A client who has incorporated his father’s values into his thought patterns is a product of
a. introjection.
b. repression.
c. rationalization.
d. displacement.
a. introjection.
The purpose of interpretation in counseling is to
a. help the therapist appear genuine.
b. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
c. make clients aware of nonverbal behaviors.
d. help clients understand feelings and behaviors related to childhood.
b. make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of
a. C. G. Jung’s analytical psychology.
b. Alfred Adler’s individual psychology.
c. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.
d. Josef Breuer’s work on hysteria.
b. Alfred Adler’s individual psychology.
C. G. Jung, the founder of analytic psychology, said men operate on logic or the _______ principle, while women are intuitive, operating on the _______ principle.
a. Eros; Thanatos.
b. Logos; Eros.
c. reality; pleasure.
d. transference; countertransference.
b. Logos; Eros.
Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. He called them
a. mandalas.
b. projectivedrawings.
c. unconscious automatic writing.
d. eidetic imagery.
a. mandalas.
In contrast with Freud, the neo-Freudians emphasized
a. baseline measures.
b. social factors.
c. unconditional positive regard.
d. insight.
b. social factors.
The terms introversion and extroversion are associated with
a. psychoanalysis.
b. Freud.
c. Adler.
d. Jung.
d. Jung.
The personality types of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) are associated with the work of
a. psychoanalysis.
b. Freud.
c. Adler.
d. Jung.
d. Jung.
One of Adler’s students, Rudolph Dreikurs,
a. created the TAT.
b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.
c. was a noted Freud hater.
d. created the hierarchy of needs.
b. was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.
Adler emphasized that people wish to belong. This is known as
a. superiority.
b. social connectedness.
c. the collective unconscious.
d. animus.
b. social connectedness.
Jung felt that society caused men to deny their feminine side known as _______ and women to deny their masculine side known as _______.
a. Eros;Thanatos
b. animus;anima
c. anima;animus
d. yin;yang
c. anima;animus
Jung spoke of a collective unconscious common to all men and women. The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation, is known as
a. a hierarchy of needs.
b. instinctual.
c. paradox.
d. archetypes.
d. archetypes.
Common archetypes include
a. the persona—the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self.
b. animus,anima,self.
c. shadow—the mask behind the persona, which contains
id-like material, denied, yet desired.
d. all of the above.
d. all of the above.
During a professional staff meeting, a counselor says he is worried that if techniques are implemented to stop a 6-year-old boy from sucking his thumb, then he will begin biting his nails or stuttering. The counselor
a. is using the logic set forth in gestalt therapy.
b. is using Donald Meichenbaum’s cognitive behavior modi-
fication.
c. is most likely a behaviorist concerned with symptom sub-
stitution.
d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution.
d. is most likely an analytically trained counselor concerned with symptom substitution.
The word eclectic is most closely associated with
a. Frederick C. Thorne.
b. Freud.
c. Piaget.
d. Skinner.
a. Frederick C. Thorne.
