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CSB520 - Disease processes > wk 2 - neoplasia > Flashcards

wk 2 - neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

define neoplasia

A

new abnormal growth

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2
Q

define tumour

A

used to denote swelling, now it’s new abnormal growth, same as neoplasia

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3
Q

define malignancy

A

potentially fatal. also known as cancer

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4
Q

carc tells us what?

A

malignant

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5
Q

define dysplasia

A

not a cellular adaptation. mutations and abnormality in genotype/ phenotype. (pre cancer)
a risk is, normal cells undergoing hyperplasia/ metaplasia which can turn into dysplasia.

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6
Q

define in situ and metastasis

A

Metastasis- cancer cells break away from their primary site and spread to a secondary site in the body (3 routes of moving to another site)

In situ- abnormal cells that are in its original area and have not spread to different locations in the body. they are not cancerous but can become cancerous.

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7
Q

What type of cells are more likely to become cancerous

A

labile cells- continuously dividing and mutating

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8
Q

examples of labile cells that can become cancerous (carcinomas)

A

epithelial and haemopoietic stem cells

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9
Q

nomenclature of tumours what are they based off

A

cell origin (connective tissue, etc) and tumour type (malignant/benign)

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10
Q

connective tissue cell types (6)

A

fibrous tissue
muscle
cartilage
bone
fat
endothelium

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11
Q

nomenclature benign connective tissue

A

fibroma
leiomyona
chondroma
osteoeoma
lipoma
haemanigoma

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12
Q

malignant tumours of connective tissue

A

sarcomas (sarc- malignant, connective tissue- mesenchymal) cell origin
examples
fibrosarcoma
leiomyosarcoma
chondrosarcoma
etc

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13
Q

list the basic risk factors for the development of mutation and tumourgenesis (8)

A
  1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals
    Proliferation without external stimuli
  2. Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals
  3. Evasion of apoptosis
  4. Defects in DNA repair
  5. Limitless replicative potential
  6. Sustained angiogenesis (form new blood vessels)
  7. Ability to invade & metastasize
  8. Predilection for glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen (Warburg effect)
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14
Q

list the main differences between benign and malignant tumours (BENIGN) (4)

A
  1. Never metastasizes
  2. Encapsulated
  3. Homogenous (uniformity
    of cells)
  4. Well differentiated
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15
Q

list the main differences between benign and malignant tumours (MALIGNANT) (4)

A
  1. Can potentially metastasize
  2. Infiltrative growth pattern
  3. Heterogeneous
    (pleomorphic – cells lack
    uniformity)
  4. Well-differentiated or poorly
    or undifferentiated
    (anaplastic)
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16
Q

list the 3 main routes of metastasis and common sites affected

A
  1. Blood (haematogenous)
  2. Lymphatics (vessels & nodes)
  3. Direct seeding (through/within body
    cavities)
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17
Q

what are the 3 most common sites of metastatic neoplasms (cancers)

A
  1. lungs. drainage of venous and lymphatics (routes of metastasis)
  2. liver. venous circuit from multiple organs
  3. brain
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18
Q

understand the importance of early detection/ the significance of metastatic disease

A
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19
Q

ways cancer can come about (3)

A
  1. normal- multiple mutations - cancer (melanoma)
  2. normal - multiple mutations - benign tumour - further mutations - cancer
  3. normal - sustained stress - metaplasia - mutliple mutations - dysplasia -further mutations - cancer
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20
Q

what is the cell of origin and malignant version of leiomyoma

A

COO- smooth muscle
M-leiomyosarcoma

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21
Q

what is the cell of origin and malignant version of lipoma

A

COO-fat cell
M- liposarcoma

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22
Q

what is the cell of origin and malignant version of haemoangioma

A

COO-endothelial cell
M- haemangiosarcoma

23
Q

what is the cell of origin and malignant version of osteoma

A

COO- bone cell
M- osteosarcoma

24
Q

what is the cell of origin and malignant version of chondroma

A

COO-cartilage
M- condrosarcoma

25
Q

what is the cell of origin and malignant version of adenoma

A

COO-glandular epithelial cell
M- adenocarcinoma

26
Q

what is the cell of origin and malignant version of cystadenoma

A

COO-glandular epothelial cell - growing in cystic pattern
M- cystadenocarcinoma

27
Q

what is the cell of origin and malignant version of papilloma

A

COO-epithelial cell - grows with finger like projections
M- papillocarcinoma

28
Q

what is the cell of origin and malignant version of tertaoma

A

COO-germ cell
M- testicular teratoma is always malignant, teratocarcinoma

29
Q

when can benign tumours be deadly?

A

a tumour in the brain that is deep or close to major blood vessels that is resistent to treatment as they can target rapidly dividing cells.

30
Q

what is the cell of origin of leukaemia

A

hematopoietic cells

31
Q

what is the cell of origin of lymphoma

A

lymphocytes

32
Q

what is the cell of origin of melanoma

A

melanocytes

33
Q

what is the cell of origin of giloma

A

glial cells

34
Q

what is the cell of origin of mesothelioma

A

mesothelial cells

35
Q

what is the cell of origin of testicular tumours

A

germ cell or embroyonic germ cell

36
Q

which is a rare type of cancer sarcoma or carcinoma

A

sarcoma

37
Q

which sarcoma is the most commonly found in young people?

A

osteosarcoma because the bones are still growing theres a risk but chances diminish after puberty

38
Q

carinomas account for how much of malignancies?

A

approx 90%

39
Q

difference between simple squamous epithelium and squamous epithelial cells

A

simple is delicsate and will die if stressed
squamous line areas exposed to phsyical stress and are labile

40
Q

why do two different carcinomas occur at either end of the oesphagus

A

upper- the stratified squamous epiethlium is good at withdtanding physical stress of dietary constiuents, however they can be mutated by carcinogens in smoke, alchohol, infection with HPV, therefore the upper oesphagus is likely to develop a squamous cell carcinoma.

lower- in people with chronic gastric reflux, the stratified squamous cells are damaged by stomach aacid and they undergo metaplasia to become simple glandular epithelium which secrets muscous as a protective layer against the stomach acid. if mutations occur in these glandular epithelial cells they can form an adenocarcinoma

41
Q

what type of epithelium normall lines the conductive regions of the airways

A

simple ciliated with goblet cells producing mucous

42
Q

the irritation caused by smoking causes what type of cellular adaptations? and what are the positive/negative consequences of these changes?

A

in the oesphagus, the ciliated epithelium undergoes METAPLASIA to become stratified squamous epithelium.
the goblet cells undergo HYPERPLASIA

the cells survive but their function has changed so they no longer filter air or remove mucous so theres an increased risk of infection and coughing of mucous.
they also have an increased risk of becoming dysplastic or pre cancerous (abnormal cells)

43
Q

what must take place before cancer develops in the lungs?

A

mutations lead to dysplasia, it is possible for the immune system to flag this and destroy it but if no symptoms, progressive where it becomes a carcinoma in-situ (epithelial malignancy that has not moved locations)
and eventually metastasizes.

44
Q

which part of the cervix is most likely to form dysplastic lesions?

A

the transformation zone where metaplasia occurs during the females reproductive life

45
Q

does metaplasia always happen before dysplasia?

A

no. it may occur before dysplasia in the cervix, lower oesphagus, conductive airways.

however in other tumours, normal cells undergo mutations and become benign tumour which further mutate becoming malignant

in other cases, the normal cells mutate and become dysplastic and then cancerous

46
Q

cyst means

A

fluid filled sack

47
Q

adeno means

A

glandular epithelial cell of origin

48
Q

car means

A

malignancy of epithelial cell of origin

49
Q

what does metastatsis mean

A

when some of the cancer cells move to distant sites and sep up secondary growths

50
Q

what 3 organs are usually the site for secondary cancers?

A

the lungs- part of the venous system and cancers spread through lymphatic and venous system

liver- also part of the venous system for processing

brain/bones- one theres more cancer cells travelling in the blood, they go to areas of large arterial blood such as brain and bones

51
Q

difference between sarcoma and carcinoma

A

sar = malignant and connective tissue origin
car= malignant and epithelial origin

52
Q

what are 2 cellular adaptations that increase the risk of cancer

A

metaplasia and hyperplasia

53
Q

why are carcinomas most common type of cancer

A

because of epithelial cell origin, able to divide.
they are also located in the front line of our bodies between inner tissue and anything entering our bodies

54
Q

are benign and malignant tumours both composed of mutated cells?

A

yes, benign the cells have not mutated to allow cells to invade and matastasize though

CSB520 - Disease processes (11 decks)

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