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Life Science > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What form of DNA is jumbled up?

A

Chromatin

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2
Q

What form of DNA is condensed and organized?

A

Chromatid

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3
Q

What form of DNA is made of two chromatids connected at the center?

A

Chromosomes

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4
Q

Why is cell division important?

A

It’s used for growth, reproduction, and repair.

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5
Q

What is the first stage of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

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6
Q

What is the first stage of interphase?

A

G1

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7
Q

What happens in G1?

A

The cell grows to its mature size.

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8
Q

What is the second stage of interphase?

A

S

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9
Q

What happens in S phase?

A

The DNA is copied.

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10
Q

What is the third stage of interphase?

A

G2

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11
Q

What happens in G2?

A

The cell prepares to divide.

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12
Q

What is the second stage of the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis

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13
Q

During mitosis, what is split into two?

A

The nucleus

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14
Q

During mitosis, is the DNA identical or different?

A

Identical

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15
Q

How many phases are there in mitosis?

A

4

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16
Q

What’s the first stage of mitosis?

A

Prophase

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17
Q

What stage is the DNA in during interphase?

A

Chromatin

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18
Q

During prophase, the DNA goes from what to what?

A

Chromatin to chromosomes.

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19
Q

During what stage does the nuclear membrane break down in?

A

Prophase

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20
Q

Why does the nuclear membrane have to break down?

A

So the chromosomes can move.

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21
Q

What is the second stage of mitosis?

A

Metaphase

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22
Q

During what stage do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?

A

Metaphase

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23
Q

During metaphase, why do the chromosomes have to be lined up exactly right?

A

So the cells have the exact amount of DNA.

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24
Q

What is the third stage of mitosis?

A

Anaphase

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25
Q

During which stage do the chromosomes split and move to opposite ends of the cell?

A

Anaphase

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26
Q

What pulls the chromosomes apart?

A

Spindle fibers

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27
Q

What are the spindle fibers attached to?

A

The centrioles

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28
Q

During anaphase, where do the split chromosomes move?

A

Opposite ends of the cell.

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29
Q

During anaphase, the DNA turns from what into what?

A

Chromosomes to chromatid.

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30
Q

What is the fourth stage of mitosis?

A

Telophase

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31
Q

During telophase, the DNA goes from what to what?

A

Chromatids to chromatin.

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32
Q

During what stage does the nuclear membrane reform?

A

Telophase

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33
Q

What is the third stage of the cell cycle?

A

Cytokinesis

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34
Q

What splits in cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm.

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35
Q

During which stage of the cell cycle do the organelles split up and go into each new cell?

A

Cytokinesis

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36
Q

What is produced in the cell cycle?

A

Two new daughter cells.

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37
Q

What happens after cytokinesis?

A

The cell cycle starts over.

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38
Q

What is the cell cycle controlled by?

A

A series of three checkpoints.

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39
Q

What phase does the first checkpoint occur in?

A

G1

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40
Q

What phase does the second checkpoint occur in?

A

G2

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41
Q

What phase does the third checkpoint occur in?

A

M-phase (metaphase)

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42
Q

What is G0?

A

A resting phase.

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43
Q

G0 can be what or what?

A

Temporary of permanent.

44
Q

What is it called when a cell self-destructs?

A

Apoptosis

45
Q

What is programmed cell death?

A

Apoptosis

46
Q

Organ sculpting is a result of what?

A

Apoptosis

47
Q

Fingers, toes, and frog legs are the result of what?

A

Apoptosis

48
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrolled cell division.

49
Q

What happens to the cell cycle if a cell is cancerous?

A

It isn’t regulated.

50
Q

If the cell cycle isn’t regulated, what can it lead to?

A

A tumor.

51
Q

What is cancer caused by?

A

Genetics, or environmental factors like toxins, radiation, and excessive UV exposure.

52
Q

What is it called when one parent produces offspring without fertilization?

A

Asexual Reproduction

53
Q

What is the result of asexual reproduction?

A

Genetically identical offspring and parent.

54
Q

Mitotic cell division is an example of what?

A

Asexual Reproduction

55
Q

Fission is an example of what?

A

Asexual Reproduction

56
Q

Budding is an example of what?

A

Asexual Reproduction

57
Q

Regeneration is an example of what?

A

Asexual Reproduction

58
Q

Vegetative reproduction is an example of what?

A

Asexual Reproduction

59
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

No need for a mate, fast and efficient.

60
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

Lack of genetic diversity.

61
Q

What is it called when two organisms are needed to generate offspring?

A

Sexual Reproduction

62
Q

What is it called when two reproductive cells combine and produce offspring?

A

Sexual Reproduction

63
Q

What is the result of sexual reproduction?

A

Genetically different offspring.

64
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Provides genetic diversity.

65
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Must find a mate which can use lots of energy, must grow and raise offspring.

66
Q

What’s another word for body cells?

A

Somatic Cells

67
Q

What’s another word for sex cells?

A

Gametes

68
Q

Are body cells genetically different or identical?

A

Identical

69
Q

Are sex cells genetically different or identical?

A

Different

70
Q

What is a diploid?

A

A cell with two sets of chromosomes.

71
Q

What is a haploid?

A

A cell with one set of chromosomes.

72
Q

How many sets of chromosomes do diploid cells have?

A

2

73
Q

How many sets of chromosomes do haploid cells have?

A

1

74
Q

What type of cell are diploid cells?

A

Body Cells (Somatic)

75
Q

What type of cell are haploid cells?

A

Sex Cells (Gametes)

76
Q

What’s an example of a diploid cell?

A

Skin cells, liver cells, nose cells, blood cells.

77
Q

What’s an example of a haploid cell?

A

Egg cells, sperm cells.

78
Q

The process of making sex cells is called what?

A

Meiosis

79
Q

Are the cells made in meiosis genetically identical or different?

A

Different

80
Q

Why do cells need to make more of themselves?

A

So things can grow and there are more cells to replace it if something goes wrong.

81
Q

What does the first checkpoint check for?

A

To make sure the cell is growing right and the DNA isn’t damaged.

82
Q

What does the second checkpoint check for?

A

To make sure the DNA was copied right.

83
Q

What does the third checkpoint check for?

A

To make sure the chromosomes lined up right and the spindle fibers were attached right.

84
Q

Why would there be cells with only 23 chromosomes?

A

So when the gametes come together, they make a diploid cell with 46 chromosomes.

85
Q

What phase of the cell cycle do cells spend most of their time in?

A

Interphase

86
Q

What form is the DNA in during interphase?

A

Chromatin

87
Q

What phase is the DNA in or turn into during prophase?

A

Chromosomes

88
Q

What phase is the DNA in during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes

89
Q

What phase is the DNA in or turn into during anaphase?

A

Chromatid

90
Q

What phase is the DNA in or turn into during telophase?

A

Chromatin

91
Q

What phase is the DNA in during cytokinesis?

A

Chromatin

92
Q

What phase is the DNA in the most during the cell cycle?

A

Chromatin

93
Q

What phase is the DNA in the least during the cell cycle?

A

Chromatid

94
Q

What are all the phases of the cell cycle in order?

A

G1, S, G2, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis.

95
Q

What’s the purpose of centrioles?

A

To shoot out the spindle fibers that break apart the chromosomes.

96
Q

Why is mitosis a type of asexual reproduction?

A

Because it produces 2 genetically different daughter cells and doesn’t need a mate.

97
Q

What type of cancer doesn’t spread?

A

Benign

98
Q

What type of cancer spreads?

A

Malignant

99
Q

If it takes a combination of 2 parents’ haploid cells to reproduce, what type of reproduction is it?

A

Sexual

100
Q

What type of cell division results in genetically identical cells?

A

Mitosis

101
Q

What type of cell division results in genetically different cells?

A

Meiosis

102
Q

During which phase do chromosomes become first visible?

A

Prophase

103
Q

How many daughter cells does mitosis produce?

A

2

104
Q

How many daughter cells does meiosis produce?

A

4

105
Q

Why are gametes all genetically different?

A

Chromosomes during metaphase exchange information, and when separated during anaphase all the chromatids are different.

Life Science (5 decks)

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