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freshman > quiz laboratorio #3 pt.1 > Flashcards

quiz laboratorio #3 pt.1 Flashcards

1
Q

objectives

A
  • To learn about the Cell Theory
  • To distinguish the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
  • To distinguish among eukaryotic cells, between plant and animal cells and to be able to identify the different structures of the cell and their function
  • To understand how transport of substances across the cell, primarily through passive transport (diffusion and osmosis) by understanding these processes, tonicity and its importance for cell function
  • To learn about and understand pH and buffers and their importance for cell function.
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2
Q

The basic unit of life is the

A

cell

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3
Q

We now know that all living organisms are composed of single cells (unicellular) or many cells (multicellular), that tissues are made up of cells, and that organs are made up of tissues, and organ systems of organs.

A
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4
Q

thee cell theory states that:

A
  1. All living organisms are composed of cells
  2. That cells come only from other preexisting cells
  3. That cells are the basic functional unit of all living organisms.
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5
Q

Cells need energy to survive, whether it is in the form or chemical or solar energy, it takes in substances or takes out substances by means of

A

passive or active transport

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6
Q

eukaryotic
Domain:

prokariotyc
Domain:

A

eukaryotic
(Domain Eukarya)

prokariotyc
(Domains Archaea or Bacteria)

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7
Q

a phospholipids bilayer that sourrounds the cell and creates a boundary between the interior of the cell and its external environment.

regulates the movement of molecules into and out of the cytoplasm.

A

The nuclear envelope (plasma membrane)

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8
Q

All cells also contain:

A

the hereditary material or DNA,
plasma membrane
cytoplasm

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9
Q

carries the information that directs the cell activity and reproduction

A

the hereditary material or DNA,

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10
Q

a semi fluid medium that contains water, salts, organic matter and other associated structures which fill the interior of the cell.

A

cytoplasm

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11
Q

All living cells are classified as

A

either prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

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12
Q

basic difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic

A

prokaryotic don’t have nuclei, eukaryote do.

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13
Q

Prokaryotes don’t have

A

the organelles found in eukaryotic

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14
Q

Organelles are

A

small, membranous bodies, each with a specific structure and function.

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15
Q

IN PROKARYOTES

The cytoplasm contains __________, which are…

_____________ that participate in photosynthesis

and innumerable _______

Prokaryotes also have a ____________, which contains a

A

ribosomes, small granules that coordinate the synthesis of proteins

thylakoids (only in cyanobacteria)

enzymes

nucleoid, chromosome composed largely of DNA with little protein.

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16
Q

Eukaryotes have a membrane bound

The nucleus in a eukaryotic cell contains

The cytoplasm consists of a

Many organelles are membranous, such as the

A

nucleous, and organells.

nucleoplasm and the nucleolus

background fluid and the organelles.

nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles and vesicles, lysosomes, peroxisome, mitochondrion, and chloroplast.

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17
Q

In this lab, we will study:
- the structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the various organelles

-how the passage of water into or out of a cell depends on the difference in concentration of solutes (particles) between the cytoplasm and the surrounding medium or solution

  • how the proper function of cells depends on the pH of their environment, amongst other factors.

-We will see how a buffer can maintain the pH within a narrow range and how buffers within cells can protect them against damaging pH changes.

A
18
Q

_____,______,________ are concepts that are central to cellular function

A

Difussion, osmosis, and tonicity

19
Q

Diffusion is defined as the movement

A

of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

20
Q

Due to the differentially permeable plasma membrane surrounding a cell,

A

certain small molecules are able to cross it, going into and out of cells by simply by diffusion, which uses no energy.

21
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane such as the plasma membrane of the cell.

22
Q

tonicity is

it controls

A

the relative concentration of solute , to solvent, inside and outside of the cell.

the concentration gradient of a molecule is controlled

23
Q

An isotonic solution has the…

When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution there is…

A

same concentration of solute, or water molecules, as the cell.

no net movement of water leaving or entering the cell and so the shape of the cell does not change.

24
Q

hypertonic solution has a

when a cell is placed in hypertonic solution, water will…

A

higher concentration of solute than the cell.

leave the cell, causing it to shrink.

25
Q

hypotonic solution, which has a…

when cells are placed in hypotonic solutions water…

A

lower solute concentration than the cell,

moves into the cell, causing it to swell and possibly burst.

26
Q

We will also examine diffusion and osmosis through a…

For this purpose, we will use chicken eggs whose shells have been removed by treatment with acetic acid.

A

selectively permeable membrane

27
Q

Water, being a small molecule, can pass the cell membrane through both _______________, by slipping through the…

A

simple and facilitated diffusion

phospholipid bilayer and by using aquaporins.

28
Q

the simplest type of diffusion occurs in

example

A

the absence of a membrane

smoke, potassium permanganate in corn syrup and water

29
Q

The rate of such diffusion will depend on many factors such as:

A

the physical properties of the medium in which it occurs (air, water, oil)

the size of the particles which diffuse (smaller ones can move faster than the more sluggish big ones)

the concentration of the diffusing particles.

30
Q

molecular weights increase…

diffusion rates decrease exponentially as their

A

Diffusion rates decrease

molecular weights increase.

31
Q

A solution of _______ is isotonic to red blood cells.

A solution greater than 0.9% NaCl is _________ to red blood cells. In such a solution, the cells…

A solution of less than 0.9% NaCl is _________ to red blood cells. In such a solution, the cells…

A

-0.9 % NaCI

-hypertonic
-shrivel up, a process called crenation

-hypotonic
- swell to bursting, a process called hemolysis

32
Q

pH is defined as the…

A

negative log of the H+ (ion) concentration

-log [H+].

33
Q

The scale is divided into three areas:

Each division either increases or decreases the pH of a substance…

A

Acid (reading below 7), Basic (reading above 7), or neutral (readings at 7).

10 times.

34
Q

Water has a pH of 7, but depending on the buffering capacity the water when mixed with air containing suspended materials will…

_________ is an example of this.

A

either raise or lower the pH.

Acid rain

35
Q

Different substances have different pH depending on

A

the relative concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions,

36
Q

Distilled water:

Vinegar:

Coca cola™:

Milk:

Tums™:

Alka-seltzer™:

Andrews™:

Coffee:

Baking soda:

Ammonia:

A

-neutral

-Acetic acid, acid

-carbonic acid, a buffer, es acid

-proteins, lactose, lipids; acid ph 6

-calcium carbonate,

-baking soda y acid…neutral

  • sodium bicarbonate acid 6.6

-acid

-base

-strong base

37
Q

Buffers cause a solution to…

and the degree of resistance is related to…

, and depends upon the number of…

A

resist changes in pH (in other words they maintain the pH)

the strength of the buffer

buffering molecules present in a solution.

38
Q

Many buffers resist changes in pH by…

A

either absorbing H+ when an acid is introduced, or releasing H+ when a base is introduced.

39
Q

The majority of enzymes within the human body operate best at a pH of

Physiological pH is maintained by a physiologic buffering system involving

in aquatic systems the ________________ also plays an important role in maintaining environmental pH.

A

7.4

carbonate, phosphate, and protein.

carbonate-bicarbonate system

40
Q

Now you can understand how the concept of pH is important in biology:

All living organisms must maintain

A

living organisms are very sensitive to hydrogen ion concentrations (and hydroxide ion concentrations).

the pH constant proper functioning.

freshman (25 decks)

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