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ap psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

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2
Q

flashbulb memory

A

memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

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3
Q

information processing model

A
  • encoding - memory in
  • storage - retaining memory
  • retrieval - getting it back out
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4
Q

multi-store model

A

memory is processed in three stages
1. sensory memory
2. short-term memory (STM)
3. long-term memory (LTM)

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5
Q

sensory memory

A

very brief; less than a second to several seconds
* iconic memory
* echoic memory

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6
Q

iconic memory

A

momentary photographic memory (ex: circle of light when using firework sparkles)

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7
Q

echoic memory

A

sounds that are remembered for 3-4 seconds

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8
Q

hepatic memory

A

remembering touch for less than 1 second

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9
Q

short-term memory

A
  • about 30 seconds
  • vulnerable to disruptions and interference
  • conscious, active processing takes place
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10
Q

long-term memory

A
  • stored forever
  • must have some importance to the individual
  • must be encoded
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11
Q

semantic encoding

A

using context to involve a deeper level of processing

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12
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of indicidental information

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13
Q

space

A

you’ve know where you’ve been

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14
Q

time

A

sequence of events

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15
Q

frequency

A

how many times things have happened

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16
Q

implicit memories

A

memories we retain without conscious effort and awareness; non-declarative

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17
Q

selective attention

A

focusing on something deliberately

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18
Q

deep processing

A

combining elaborative encoding with a meaningful analysis of ideas being learned

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19
Q

state-dependent memories

A

if someone is in a certain state of consciousness when they learn something, they often remember that information better when in the same state of consciousness

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20
Q

mood dependent memories

A

recall better when in the same mood as when we learned the information

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21
Q

rosy retrospection

A

recalling events more positively than we experienced them

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22
Q

tip of the tongue phenomenon

A

knowing something, but not able to say it out loud

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23
Q

déjà vu

A

feels as though you have been presented with this situation before

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24
Q

primacy effect

A

tendency to remember things at the start of the list

25
Q

recency effect

A

tendency to remember things at the end of the list best

26
Q

relearning

A

easier if one spent alot of time remembering in the first place

27
Q

long term potentiation

A

strengthening of synapses that increases neurotransmission

28
Q

amygdala

A

emotional reactions (emotional memories are harder to forget)

29
Q

cerebellum

A

procedural memories

30
Q

basal ganglia

A

in the frontal lobe (play key role in forming and maintaining habits)

31
Q

hippocampus

A

processing memories and creating cognitive memories

32
Q

declarative memories

A

encoded in the hippocampus and transferred to the temporal cortex; declare that you know something

33
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

unable to create new memories

34
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

unable to remember the past

35
Q

infantile amnesia

A

not able to remember things from early childhood

36
Q

Ebbinghaus

A
  • studied nonsense syllables (TUV YOF GEK XOZ)
  • devleoped forgetting curve
37
Q

spacing effect

A

distributed practice yields better long-term retention than massed practice (ex: studying a little every night as opposed to cramming)

38
Q

memory cues

A

things that help us remember

39
Q

proactive interference

A

when an old memory disrupts the learning and remembering of a new memory (ex: new passwords)

40
Q

retroactive interference

A

when a new memory blocks the retrieval of an old memory (ex: driving an automatic car after driving a manual one)

41
Q

repression

A

unconsciously pushing a specific memory down

42
Q

divided attention

A

attend to something without conscious awareness- automatic processing

43
Q

effortful processing

A

leads to explicit memories, past knowledge that is consciously brought into the brain

44
Q

types of long term memory

A
  • episodic
  • procedural
  • prospective
45
Q

episodic memory

A

story of life you can recall and explain

46
Q

procedural memory

A

how to do things (ex: walking)

47
Q

prospective memory

A

remembering how to do something (explicit)

48
Q

memory span

A

what you can remember and repeat back using short term memory

49
Q

maintainance rehearsal

A

repearing information in order to keep it in short term memory

50
Q

chunking

A

organizing into meaningful units

51
Q

elaborative encoding

A

linking information with something we already know

52
Q

absent mindedness

A

forgetting caused by lapses in attention (ex: forgetting where you parked)

53
Q

eidetic memory

A

visual images clear enough to be retained for 30 seconds

54
Q

suppression

A

consciously pushing down a memory

55
Q

memory reconstruction

A

memory errors are frequent

56
Q

misinformation effect

A

memories can be embellished or even created by cues and suggestions

57
Q

source amnesia

A

memory faults that occur when memories are retrieved but are associated with the wrong time, place, or person

58
Q

source amnesia

A

memory faults that occur when memories are retrieved but are associated with the wrong time, place, or person

ap psychology (14 decks)

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