White blood cells and Immunity Lecture slides

Question 1

Name the two primary lymphoid organs

Answer 1

Thymus and Bone marrow

Question 2

Name the secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 2

We have the Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT) which includes:
Naso-pharyngeal lymph nodes.
Tonsillar lymph nodes
Bronchiolar lymph nodes
We have the Peripheral lymph nodes and Spleen
We have Gut-associated lymph nodes which include the payer’s patches

Question 3

True or false.
Leucocytes are formed and stored in a bone marrow until needed.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

True or false
Lymphocytes are stored in lymphoid tissue and few enters circulation.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Phagocytosis depends on 3 selective procedures.
Name those three procedures

Answer 5

smooth surfaces - surface rough likely to be phagocytosis.
Protective protein coats that repel the phagocytes.
Antibodies then adhere to the bacterial membranes increase susceptibility to phagocytosis.

Question 6

Which cells forms antibodies

Answer 6

specialized White Blood Cells. B cells

Question 7

the function and protective regulation of leucocytes.
List three

Answer 7

Phagocytosis
Forming antibodies
Activates lymphocytes to destroy or inactivates invaders

Question 8

The inflammation is characterized by certain processes. List the characteristics of inflammation

Answer 8

Vasodilation
Capillary permeability increase
Clotting substance e.g. fibrinogen leak into interstitial spaces.
Granulocytes and monocytes migrate to the injury site in large numbers.
Swelling of the tissue cells

Question 9

List the characteristics of Eosinophils and their function and concentration in the WBCs.

Answer 9

Weak phagocytes
Chemotactic
2% of total leucocytes
Love parasites <3
Allergies: Basophils and Mast cells attract eosinophils

Question 10

The Parasites are large to be phagocytized, so what does the Eosinophils do.

Answer 10

eosinophils are believed to detoxify some of the inflammation-inducing substances released by the mast cells and basophils and probably also phagocytize and destroy allergen-antibody complexes, thus preventing excess spread of the local inflammatory process

Question 11

Name the granulocytes that are hydrolytic enzymes, highly reactive on oxygen species and major basic protein.

Answer 11

Eosinophils

Question 12

What does the basophils release to prevent coagulation.

Answer 12

Heparin

Question 13

IgE has affinity for which cells.

Answer 13

Basophils and mast cells

Question 14

what are pro-inflammatory

Answer 14

Basophils

Question 15

what is inflammation?

Answer 15

Inflammation is a response of vascularized tissues to antigen or tissue damage that brings immune cells and molecules of host defence from the circulation to the tissue where they are needed to destroy the antigen

Question 16

Name and explain the steps of inflammation.

Answer 16

1. Recognition- antigen is recognized by the host cell.
2. Recruitment- leucocytes and plasma cells
3. Activation- antigen destruction begins
4. Inflammation- control inflammation to prevent host damage
5. Repair- damage tissue repair or cleared

Question 17

name the 1st, 2nd, 3rd line of defense under macrophages and neutrophils

Answer 17

1st line defence: Tissue macrophages
2nd line: Neutrophils
3rd line: 2nd wave macrophages

Question 18

True or false
Inflamed tissues release inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNF and IL-10) and other substances to attracts macrophages to the inflamed site by.

Answer 18

False
inflamed tissues release inflammatory ctokines (e.g. TNF and IL-10) and other substances to attracts neutrophil to the inflamed site by.

Question 19

Explain how the neutrophils responds based on inflammation

Answer 19

↑ adhesion molecules: selectins and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on endothelial cells surface.
React with neutrophils, stick to the endothelial cells forming the capillary and venule walls in the inflamed site.
Intercellular space between the endothelial cells
Neutrophils squeeze through the capillaries by diapedesis into the tissue spaces.
Chemotaxis of the neutrophils toward the injured tissues

Question 20

The uncontrolled production if leucocytes or abnormal production of WBCs.

Answer 20

Luekemia

Question 21

Causes of leukemia

Answer 21

Causes: mutations of myelogenous or lymphogenous cells

Question 22

differentiates between myelogenous and lymphogenous formation of leukemia

Answer 22

Lymphocytic: begin in lymph nodes or lymphatic tissue, spread to other areas
Myelogenous: cancerous production of young myelogenous cells in the bone marrow; WBCs are produced in extramedullary tissue

Question 23

what is acute

Answer 23

Acute: very undifferentiated cells

Question 24

Name 4 types of leukemia

Answer 24

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Acute myeloid leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Chronic myeloid leukemia

Question 25

What happened in myelogenous leukemia

Answer 25

In myelogenous leukemia, the cancerous process occasionally produces partially differentiated cells, resulting in what might be calledneutrophilic leukemia, eosinophilic leukemia, basophilic leukemia,ormonocytic leukemia. More frequently, however, the leukemia cells are bizarre and undifferentiated and not identical to any of the normal WBCs.

Question 26

Leukemia is characterized by what?

Answer 26

leukemia is usually characterized by greatly increased numbers of abnormal WBCs in the circulating blood.
extramedullary tissues—especially in the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver

Question 27

List six effects of leukemia in the body

Answer 27

Metastatic growth of leukemic cells in other areas of the body
Bone marrow compromise surrounding bone
Almost all eventually spread to spleen, lymph nodes, liver and other vascular regions
Thrombocytopaenia – lack of platelets, severe bleeding
Severe anaemia
Metabolic starvation – deterioration of normal tissue

Question 28

what does the leukemic tissue do?

Answer 28

The leukemic tissues reproduce new cells so rapidly that tremendous demands are made on the body reserves for foodstuffs, specific amino acids, and vitamins. Consequently, the energy of the patient is greatly depleted, and excessive utilization of amino acids by leukemic cells causes especially rapid deterioration of the normal protein tissues of the body

Question 29

what is leukopenia?

Answer 29

Bone marrow produces very few WBCs  compromised immunity

Question 30

what causes of leukopenia?

Answer 30

Exposure of the body to x-rays and gamma rays
Exposure to substances containing benzene or anthracene nuclei cause aplasia (reduce WBC production) of the bone marrow
Drugs such as chloramphenicol (an antibiotic)and thiouracil used to treat thyrotoxicosis.

Question 31

symptoms of leukopenia

Answer 31

Normal microbiome is balanced
Ulcers in mouth and colon, bacteria invade other tissue