Chapter 22

Question 0

Aristotle Thoughts on Origin of Species

Answer 0

Species were in unchanging and perfect

All species can be organized in a ladder according to increasing complexity called the Scala Naturae

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

Descent with modification- changes in generations over time

Change in the genetic makeup from one species into the next

Question 2

Old Testament on the Origin of Species

Answer 2

God created each species and therefore perfect

Scientists observed that organisms were adapted to environment and thought God created them for a purpose

Question 3

Carolus Linneaus on the Origin of Species

Answer 3

Wanted to classify earths diversity
Organized species according to their similarities and made categories more general
Created binomial system that is used today

Question 4

Georges Cuvier

Answer 4

Started paleontology
Saw the older the rock strata were the more different fossil species were from current day
Saw that species from one strata did not appear in the other strata believed that extinctions happened oftenkrrr
Believed in Catastrophism- states that a natural disaster occurs between rock strata

Question 5

James Hutton

Answer 5

He believed that the earths geological features could be explained through gradual processes of the earth
Ex. Valleys formed through rivers eroding rock

Question 6

Charles Lyell

Answer 6

Used Huttons ideology in his idea of uniformitarianism that states that processes of change in the earth remain constant. This means that the rate at which the earth is changing is the same as the past.
This ideology showed that the earth was much older than originally predicted because Earth would have taken much longer to form it’s mountains and valleys

Question 7

Lamarck use and disuse and inheritance of acquired characteristics

Answer 7

Lamarckian idea that stated body parts that are used more often become stronger in future generations
Also stated that characteristics gained in an organisms lifetime can be passed down to its offspring
Even though these ideas are wrong, Lamarck was one of the first scientists to accept that species change over time to better adapt to their environments

Question 8

Adaptations and natural selection

Answer 8

Adaptations are characteristics that help a species survive in it’s environment
Natural selection is the process in which organisms with certain beneficial characteristics have more offspring than other species

Question 9

Darwin’s observations and inferences

Answer 9

Variations in traits exist
These variations are heritable
Species overproduce
There is competition for resources, not all species survive

Individuals who have beneficial traits that help them survive have more beneficial traits than those who don’t
This allows an increase of this favorable trait in the populations

Question 10

Evidence of evolution in the fossil record

Answer 10

There are often fossils of transitional species from two different species ex. Fish to land- Tiktaalik

Question 11

Homologous Structures

Answer 11

These are limbs or other structures that are similar in many different species
This gives evidence for evolution in that it suggests a common ancestor

Question 12

Vestigial Structures

Answer 12

Remnant structures that were useful for there ancestor species but are not anymore
Ex. Snakes have a pelvic leg vestige

Question 13

Analogous Structure

Answer 13

Similar structures that appear in two species that evolved independently from eachother because of their similar environments
Ex. Sugar glider and flying squirell

Question 14

Convergent Evolution

Answer 14

When two species evolve independently of eachother and have the same characteristics because of their similar environments
Sugar glider and flying squirrel
Fish that live in Antarctic and the arctic

Question 15

Biogeography

Answer 15

The study of the geographic location of species. Because all continents used to be the same land and then slowly drifted away, we can predict where species and there fossils would be