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Weather and Climate > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Force

A

the mass of the body multiplied by the acceleration the force causes in the body

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2
Q

Acceleration

A

a change in speed or a change in direction of an object’s movement

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3
Q

Work

A

The amount of work done on your book is the distance travled times the force in the direction of that displacement

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4
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work

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5
Q

Kinetic energy

A

The work that a body can do by virtue of its motion

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6
Q

Potential energy

A

The work an object can do as a result of its relative position

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7
Q

Parcel of air

A

A hypothetical balloon-like bubble of air, fleible but impermeable, and perhaps as large as a parking lot

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8
Q

Temperature

A

a measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance

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9
Q

Kelvin scale

A

An absolute scale in which zero is the lowest possible temperature

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10
Q

Calorie

A

The unit used to measure amounts of energy

the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsisus

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11
Q

Joule

A

another unit used to measure amounts of energy

0.2389 calories

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12
Q

Power

A

The rate at which energy is transferred, received, or released

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13
Q

Watt (W)

A

a unit of power that represents the transfer of 1 Joule of energy per second

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14
Q

Heat

A

The energy produced by the random motions of molecules and atoms

The total kinetic energy of a sample of a substance

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15
Q

Specific heat

A

The amount of energy required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of that substance 1 degree celsius

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16
Q

Conduction

A

The process of heat transfer from molecule to molecule

requires contact

ex. when we touch an object to see if it’s warm or cold

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17
Q

Thermal conductivity

A

The amount of energy transferred by conduction depends on the temperature difference bewteen the two objects and their thermal conductivity

  • the ability of a substance to conduct heat by molecular motions is defined by its thermal conductivity
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18
Q

Convection

A

The process of transferring energy vertically

free convection - when an air parcel is heated and becomes less dense than the air around it and therefore rises

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19
Q

Temperature advection

A

The horizontal transport of energy in the atmosphere

warm advection - when the warm air replaces cooler air

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20
Q

Latent heat

A

The heat absorbed or relased per unit mass when water changes phase

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21
Q

Latent heat of melting

A

The amount of energy absorbed by water to change 1 gram of ice into liquid water, and it is equal to 80 cal for each gram of ice

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22
Q

Latent heat of fusion

A

The amount of energy relased into the environment when water freezes

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23
Q

Vaporization or evaporation

A

The transition of water from the liquid phase to the gas phase

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24
Q

Latent heat of vaporization

A

The amount of heat required to evaporate 1 gram of liquid water

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25
Q

Latent heat of condensation

A

The amount of energy released when water vapor condenses to a liquid form

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26
Q

Depoisition

A

Water vapor may change directly into ice in this process

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27
Q

Sublimation

A

Ice may also directly enter the gas phase without melting

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28
Q

Latent heat of sublimnation =

A

latent heat of deposition

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29
Q

Evaporation is a ________ process that removes energy from the physical environment

A

cooling

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30
Q

Condensation is a __________ process that supplies energy to the enviornment

A

heating

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31
Q

Solar radiation is one form of ______________

A

radiant energy, or energy in the form of waves that are not composed of matter

32
Q

Radiant energy is also called ___________

A

radiation and electromagnetic energy

33
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance between wave crests

34
Q

Amplitude

A

half of the height from the peak of the crest to the lowest point of the wave

35
Q

Waves are characterized by two properties:

A

wavelength and amplitude

36
Q

Solar radiation is sometimes referred to as _____________

A

shortwave radiation

Solar energy includes UV, visible, and near-infarred radiation

37
Q

Ultraviolet (UV) light

A

where wavelengths range from 0.2um to 0.4 um

38
Q

Longwave radiation (terrrestrial radiation)

A

emitted by the Earth is less energetic than solar radiation and is characterized by much longer wavelengths, primarily between 4 um and 100 um

39
Q

All objects with a temperature above __________ emit radiation

A

absolute zero

40
Q

Emissivity

A

A measure of an object’s ability to emit radiation

Materials are assigned an emissivity value betwen 0 - 1.0

41
Q

Blackbody

A

Has an emissivity of 1 and is an object that absorbs all the electromagnetic energy that falls on the object, no matter what the wavelegth of the radiation

42
Q

Stefan-Boltzmann Law

A

The amount of radiative energy that is emitted by an object (watts per square meter) is related to the fourth power of its Kelvin temperature

43
Q

As an object warms, it emits more ____________

A

radiation

44
Q

Wien’s law

A

The wavelength or radiant energy emitted depends on the temperature of the emitting body

Wavelength (in microns) of maximum radiation emitted by an object = 2900 / Object’s temperature in Kelvin

45
Q

Wien’s law can be summarized as follows:

A

The hotter the object, the shorter the wavelength of maximum emission of radiation

46
Q

When radiation interacts with an object, it can be:

A
  1. Absorbed - increases the energy of the molecule,
  2. Reflected - energy reflected by an object is sent back. mirrors are good reflectors and clouds
  3. Transmitted - passes through the object, although it may change direction
47
Q

Albedo

A

Describes the percentage of light that it reflects

The higher the albedo - the brighter the object

Key determiner of the temperature of the planets in the solar system

48
Q

How much radiation energy the atmosphere or an object absorbs depends on the following:

A
  1. The radiative properties of the mutual
  2. The amount of time the object is exposed to the emitted energy
  3. The amount of material
  4. How close the object is to the source of energy
  5. The angle at which the radiation is striking the object
49
Q

Blackbody

A

An object that absorbs all the electromagnetic energy that falls on the object, no matter what the wavelength of the radiation

50
Q

Kirchhoff’s law

A

A good absorber of radiation is also a good emitter of radiation at that same wavelength

51
Q

The earth is furthest from the sun on approximately _____

A

July 4th (aphelion)

52
Q

Earth is closest to the Sun on approximately __________

A

January 4th (periphelion)

53
Q

_____________ causes the seasons

A

The earth’s tilt

54
Q

The tilt is referred to as the _________________

A

angle of inclination

55
Q

The equinoxes occur when _____________________

A

The sun’s rays strike the equator at noon at an angle of 90 degrees.

March 20, September 22 or 23

56
Q

The variation of solar energy at the surface by latitude is caused by the following:

A
  1. Changes in the angle that the Sun’s rays hit the Earth
  2. The number of daylight hours
  3. The amount of atmosphere the SUn’s rays have to pass through
57
Q

The angle at which the SUn’s energy strikes a particular location on Earth is called the ____________

A

solar zenith angle

58
Q

The average amount of solar energy that reaches the outer limits of our atmosphere on a surface that is perpendicular to the solar rays is referred to as the ________________

A

solar constant

59
Q

The length of day and solar zenith angle are both determined by ____________________

A

the tilt of the Earth’s axis

60
Q

A larger solar zenith angle causes the Sun’s energy to pass ________________

A

through more atmosphere

61
Q

Of the atmospheric gases, ____________ absorbs most of the shortwave radiation

A

ozone

62
Q

Infared atmospheric window

A

10 um - 12 um region

The atmosphere is relatively transparent to infared radiation emited by the surface t these wavelengths

63
Q

Atmospheric window

A

Exists around 4 um

64
Q

Clouds are good:

A

reflects of solar energy

They are good emitters and absorbers of longwave energy

65
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

The selective nature of radiation absorption by atmospheric gases is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect

66
Q

________________ and ____________________ are the terms used to explain the relationship between the observed rise in global temperature and the absorbed increas in atmospheric carbon dioxide

A

Greenhouse warming

and

Enhanced greenhouse effect

67
Q

The more carbon dioxide there is, the more =>

A

infarred energy is absorbed

68
Q

Greenhouse gases

A

Gases that ar transparent to solar energy while absorbing terrestrial energy will warm the atmosphere because they allow solar energy to reach the surface and inhibit longwave radiation from reaching outer space

69
Q

Important greenhouse gases

A

Water vapor

Ozone

Methane

Nitrous oxide

And CFS

70
Q

______________ is the most important greenhouse gase because of its relative abundance and its ability to absorbe a lot of longwave energy in many different wavelengths

A

Water vapor

*a warmer atmosphere can mean more water vapor in the atmosphere and possibly more clouds

71
Q

Sensible heating

A

Represents the combined processes of conduction and convection and amounts to a total of 24w/m^2 transferred from the surface to the atmosphere

72
Q

Radiative forcing

A

The change in the net radiation at the tropopause

73
Q

What causes seasons?

A

The Earth’s tilt, combined with its orbit around the sun

74
Q

The energy emitted to space has wavelengths of _________

A

4 to 100 microns

75
Q

Much of the energy that escapes from the Earth to space is in the narrow band of 10 um to 12 um, called the ________________

A

infared atmospheric window

76
Q
A

Weather and Climate (10 decks)

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