Unit 8

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

Behavior that is voluntary not automatic, reflexive, or mechanical`

Question 2

Methodological behaviorism and consciousness

Answer 2

Operationalizes consciousness as “behavior that measures behavior”

Question 3

Cognitive science and consciousness

Answer 3

Emergence of consciousness as a natural phenomenon

Question 4

Neuroscience and consciousness

Answer 4

Relation between nervous system or brain activity and consciousness

Question 5

General psychology and consciousness

Answer 5

States and traits of consciousness

Question 6

Psychoanalysis and consciousness (2)

Answer 6

1) Consciousness is an agent
2) Exists at 3 levels (conscious, subconscious, unconscious)

Question 7

Mindfulness:

Related to responding

Answer 7

Responding to one’s own behavior or that of others

Question 8

Mindfulness:

Related to rearranging

Answer 8

Rearranging one’s environment to bring behavior under the control of certain stimuli

Question 9

Theory of mind

Answer 9

Awareness that what you think or believe differs from another person

Question 10

False belief task

Answer 10

How much a child infers when others hold false beliefs about something

Question 11

Paradigm

Answer 11

Set of principles that allow for observation and explanation of phenomena

Question 12

Scientific Revolution

Answer 12

Communal adoption of a new paradigm incommensurate with an older one

Question 13

Cognitivism

Answer 13

Learning is mediated by a “mind”

Question 14

Cognitivism: The “mind”

Answer 14

Receives, organizes, stores, and retrieves information

Question 15

Copy Theory

Answer 15

Perception generates a sense of reality that isn’t reality

Question 16

Attention

Answer 16

Behavioral process of response under stimulus control

Question 17

Concept

Answer 17

Complex stimulus with overlapping aspects of otherwise dissimilar stimuli

Question 18

Concepts allow for (2)

Answer 18

1) Generalization within a class

2) Discrimination between classes

Question 19

Reflexivity: Without training or reinforcement

Answer 19

Selecting a stimulus (A) identical to the sample stimulus (A)

Question 20

Symmetry: Without training or reinforcement

Answer 20

Selecting sample stimulus (B) when presented with original stimulus (A)

Question 21

Symmetry: Prior training and reinforcement for

Answer 21

Selecting a specific stimulus (A) when presented with nonidentical equivalent sample stimulus (B)

Question 22

Transitivity: Without training or reinforcement

Answer 22

Individual responds to equivalent relations between stimulus (A) and nonidentical stimulus (C)

Question 23

Transitivity: Prior training and reinforcement for

Answer 23

Accurate responding to equivalent relations between stimulus A and stimulus B and between stimulus B and stimulus C

Question 24

Problem-solving

Answer 24

Adapting existing skill sets to new circumstances

Question 25

Problem-solving occurs through (2)

Answer 25

1) Shaping
2) Generalization

Question 26

Contingency-shaped behavior

Answer 26

Behavior acquired by direct experience

Question 27

Rule-governed behavior is behavior primarily controlled by

Answer 27

Verbal descriptions of an A-B-C contingency

Question 28

Creativity

Answer 28

Has an effect on the observer and the creator

Question 29

Extinction-induced variation

Answer 29

Unreinforced responding undergoes changes in some dimension of the response

Question 30

Resurgence

Answer 30

Reappearance of a behavior after a reduction due to extinction

Question 31

Resurgence:

Reason for reappearance

Answer 31

After another behavior is placed on extinction

Question 32

Lag schedules

Answer 32

Specify number of successive response variations to produce reinforcement

Question 33

Early treatments of consciousness (2)

Answer 33

1) Structuralism
2) Functionalism