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Step 1 - Quick Decks > Micro Quick Facts > Flashcards

Micro Quick Facts Flashcards

1
Q

microbes that do not Gram stain well

A

Treponema, Leptospira (too thin to be visualized); Mycobacteria (cell wall has high lipid content); Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma (no cell wall); Legionella, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Bartonella, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia

“These Little Microbes May Unfortunately Lack Real Color But Are Everywhere”

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2
Q

microbes visualized with Giemsa stain

A

Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Trypanosomes, Borrelia, Helicobacter pylori, Plasmodium

“Clumsy Rick Tripped on a Borrow Helicopter Plastered in Gems”

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3
Q

microbes visualized with periodic acid-Schiff stain

A

Tropheryma whipplei (used to diagnose Whipple disease - stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides)

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4
Q

microbes visualized with Ziehl-Neelsen stain (carbol fuchsin)

A

acid-fast bacteria (Mycobacteria, Nocardia - stains mycolic acid in cell wall), protozoa (Cryptosporidium oocysts)

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5
Q

microbes visualized with India ink stain

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

mucicarmine can also be used to stain thick polysaccharide capsule red

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6
Q

microbes visualized with silver stain

A

Helicobacter pylori, Legionella, Bartonella henselae, and fungi (Coccidioides, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Aspergiluus fumigatus)

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7
Q

culture requirements: H. influenzae

A

chocolate agar

contains factor V (NAD+) and X (hematin)

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8
Q

culture requirements: N. gonorrhoeae, N. miningitidis

A

Thayer-Martin agar

inhibits growth of gram positive organisms (vancomycin), gram negative organisms except Neisseria (trimethoprim and colistin), and fungi (nystatin)

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9
Q

culture requirements: B. pertussis

A

Bordet-Gengou agar, Regan-Lowe medium

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10
Q

culture requirements: C. diphtheriae

A

Tellurite agar, Loffler medium

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11
Q

culture requirements: M. tuberculosis

A

Lowenstein-Jensen medium, Middlebrook medium, rapid automated broth cultures

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12
Q

culture requirements: M. pneumoniae

A

Eaton agar

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13
Q

culture requirements: lactose-fermenting enterics

A

MacConkey agar

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14
Q

culture requirements: E. coli

A

eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar

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15
Q

culture requirements: Brucella, Francisella, Legionella, Pasturella

A

charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron

“The Ella Siblings, Bruce and Francis, a legionnaire and a pastor, built the Sistine chapel out of charcoal and iron”

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16
Q

culture requirements: fungi

A

Sabouraud agar

“Sab’s a fun guy!”

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17
Q

encapsulated bacteria

A

“Please SHINE my SKiS”:

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus Influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella pneumoniae, group B Streptococcus

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18
Q

anaerobic bacteria

A

Clostridium, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces israelii

“anaerobes can’t breathe fresh air”

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19
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

streptococci, staphylococci, enteric gram negative bacteria

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20
Q

obligate intracellular bacteria

A

Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Coxiella

“stay inside when it’s really chilly and cold”

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21
Q

facultative intracellular bacteria

A

Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia pestis

“Some Nasty Bugs May Live facultativeLY”

22
Q

urease-positive organisms

A

Proteus, Cryptococcus, H. pylori, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebsiella, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus

“Pee CHUNKSS”

23
Q

catalase-positive organsims

A

Bordetella pertussis, Helicobacter pylori, Burkholderia cepacia, Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Listeria, Aspergillus, Candida, E. coli, Serratia, Staphylococci

Borderline Helpful Buttons, Nokia Phones Listen Astutely. Can Even Sarah Stop?

24
Q

[?] produce yellow “sulfur” granules, which are composed of filaments of bacteria

A

Actinomyces israelli

25
Q

[?] produces a golden yellow pigment

A

S. aureus

26
Q

[?] produces a blue-green pigment

A

P. aeruginosa (pyocyanin and pyoverdin)

27
Q

[?] produces a red pigment

A

Serratia marcescens

28
Q

in vivo biofilm-producing bacteria

A

S. epidermidis: catheter and prosthetic device infections:

Viridans streptococci (S. mutans, S. sanguinis): dental plaques, infective endocarditis

P. aeruginosa: respiratory tree colonization in CF patients, ventilator-associated pneumonia, contact lens-associated keratitis

non-typeable (unencapsulated) H. influenzae: otitis media

29
Q

spore-forming bacteria

A

B. anthracis, B. cereus, C. botulinum, C. difficile, C. perfringes, C. tetani

all spore-forming bacteria are gram positive

30
Q

protein A is a virulence factor expressed by [?]

A

S. aureus

binds Fc region of IgG; prevents opsonization and phagocytosis

31
Q

IgA protease is a virulence factor expressed by [?]

A

S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type b, Neisseria

enzyme that cleaves IgA, allowing bacteria to adhere to and colonize mucous membranes

32
Q

M protein is a virulence factor expressed by [?]

A

group a streptococci

helps prevent phagocytosis; sequence homology with human cardiac myosin (molecular mimicry) - may underlie autoimmune response seen in acute rheumatic fever

33
Q

diphtheria toxin

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

inactivates elongation factor (EF-2)

pharyngitis with pseudomembranes in throat and severe lymphadenopathy (bull neck), myocarditis

34
Q

exotoxin A

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

inactivates elongation factor (EF-2)

host cell death

35
Q

Shiga toxin

A

Shigella species, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA

dysentery, hemolytic-uremic syndrome (EHEC)

36
Q

heat-labile toxin (LT)

A

enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

over-activates adenylate cyclase (increases cAMP) => increase Cl- secretion in gut and H2O efflux

watery diarrhea

37
Q

heat-stable toxin (ST)

A

enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)

over-activates guanylate cyclase (increases cGMP) => decrease resorption of NaCl and H2O in gut

watery diarrhea

38
Q

anthrax toxin

A

Bacillus anthracis

mimics adenylate cyclase (increases cAMP)

edematous borders of black eschar in cutaneous anthrax

39
Q

cholera toxin

A

Vibrio cholerae

over-activates adenylate cyclase (increase cAMP) by permanently activating Gs

voluminous “rice-water” diarrhea

40
Q

bacteria that increase cAMP = [?]

A

Cholera, Anthracis, Pertussis, E. Coli

“increase cAMP with CAPE”

41
Q

pertussis toxin

A

Bordetella pertussis

activates adenylate cyclase (increase cAMP) by inactivating Gi inhibitory subunit

whooping cough (child coughs on expiration and “whoops” on inspiration), “100-day cough” in adults, posttussive emesis

42
Q

tetanospasmin

A

Clostridium tetani

protease that cleaves SNARE (a set of proteins required for neurotransmitter release via vesicular fusion) => prevents release of inhibitor neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine)

spastic paralysis, risus sardonicus, trismus (lockjaw), opisthotonos

43
Q

botulism toxin

A

Clostridium botulinum

protease that cleaves SNARE (a set of proteins required for neurotransmitter release via vesicular fusion) => prevents release of excitatory neurotransmitter (acetylcholine)

infant botulism, foodborne botulism

44
Q

alpha toxin

A

Clostridium perfringens

phospholipase (lecithinase) that degrades tissue and cell membranes

myonecrosis (“gas gangrene”) and hemolysis (“double zone” of hemolysis on blood agar)

45
Q

streptolysin O

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

protein that degrades cell membrane; lyses RBCs

contributes to B hemolysis; host antibodies against toxin (ASO) used to diagnose rheumatic fever

46
Q

toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1)

A

Staphylococcus aureus

cross-links B region of TCR to MHC class II on APCs outside of antigen binding site => overwhelming release of IL-1, IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha

toxic shock-like syndrome: fever, rash, shock, scarlet fever

47
Q

novobiocin sensitivity test: [?] is resistant; [?] is sensitive

A

saprophyticus is resistant, epidermidis is sensitive

48
Q

optochin sensitivity test: [?] is resistant; [?] is sensitive

A

Viridans is resistant, Pneumoniae is sensitive

49
Q

bacitracin sensitivity test: [?] is resistant; [?] is sensitive

A

group B strep are resistant; group A strep are sensitive

50
Q

alpha-hemolytic bacteria

A

partial oxidation of hemoglobin => greenish or brownish color without clearing around growth on blood agar

Streptococcus pneumonia, viridans streptococci

51
Q

beta-hemolytic bacteria

A

complete lysis of RBCs => pale/clear area surroudnign colony on blood agar

Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes (group A strep), Streptococcus agalactiae (group B strep), Listeria monocytogenes

Step 1 - Quick Decks (18 decks)

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