Developmental Psychology

Question 1

(9 months) this is the period from conception to birth during which a fertilized cell grows into a human baby. In no other time of life is growth as rapid as it is during the prenatal period. After 5 months the developing organism is 1 inch long and wighs less than an ounce. By the end of 9 months, the baby, on average will be 18 inches long and weigh just over 7 pounds.

Answer 1

pre-natal period

Question 2

(birth to 2 years of age) At birth babies cannot hold up their own heads, eat solic food, or sleep through the night. They do not have any social relationships. By age 2, these same babies have learned to walk, talk, eat at the table, and sleep through the night. They have formed close emotional bonds with their parents.

Answer 2

Infancy and toddlerhood

Question 3

(2-6 years of age) during this period of life, children grow taller and stronger, and they develop conscience and much stronger self control. Thinking and language skills surge and pretend play emerges during these preschool years. Children begin to make friends outside of the family, and their relationships within the family deepen and change.

Answer 3

Early Childhood

Question 4

Children come more and more into contact with people outside the family, and their friendships become increasingly more significant during middle childhood. Their thinking and reasoning capabilities continue to grow during this period allowing them to learn to read and write, solve new kinds of problems, and take part in games with rules. Their increased physical coordination and strength allow participation in greater array of athletic activities. Additionally, their self understanding becomes more complex.

Answer 4

Middle Childhood

Question 5

(11 or 12 to 18 or even 20 years of age) the transitions of puberty transform children’s bodies into adult ones. As their bodies change, so do their social roles. Teenagers struggle to become more autonomous and to define their own goals, independent of their parents. … become capable of idealistic and abstract though, and schooling focuses increasingly on preparation for adulthood. Researchers do not agree about the exact age boundaries for … . Some see it as 12-18 years of age. Some see it as 10-20 years of age. All concur with its central task. By the end of … children have become adults.

Answer 5

Adolescence

Question 6

a branch of psychology that studies physical , cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

Answer 6

developmental psychology

Question 7

the developmental domain that includes motor development and physical health and illness (learning to sit stand and walk)

Answer 7

physical growth and health

Question 8

the developmental domain that includes thinking and reasoning skills and language development (such as learning to do math, reading, and science)

Answer 8

cognitive development

Question 9

the developmental domain that includes changes in emotion (such as increased conscience, self-control, and concern for others), self concepts, and interpersonal relationships (such as those with parents, siblings, and friends)

Answer 9

social and emotional development

Question 10

the inherited or genetic characteristics of a person

Answer 10

Nature

Question 11

the characteristics of a person’s environment that affect development

Answer 11

Nurture

Question 12

in child development, the idea that changes are gradual and occur little by little over time

Answer 12

continuity

Question 13

in child development, the idea that changes are sudden and qualitative rather than gradual and quantitative. Those who see development characterized by discontinuity think that there are moments during development when children take giant leaps, followed by periods of relative stability.

Answer 13

discontinuity

Question 14

those who advocate the … view see the sequence of development as being the same everywhere, all around the world. they are also likely to argue that development has remained the same throughout history.

Answer 14

Universality

Question 15

Those who emphasize … are more likely to note connections between development and the contexts or cultures in which is takes place.

Answer 15

diversity

Question 16

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

Answer 16

zygote

Question 17

at the beginning of … (two weeks after conception) the growing organism, now firmly implanted into the uterine wall is called an embryo. During … this round clump of cells will transform into an oblong body and eventually into an identifiably human embryo.

Answer 17

embryonic period

Question 18

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

Answer 18

Embryo

Question 19

begins at 8 weeks after conception and lasts until birth. During this period, the fetus grows from an inch-long organism weighing less than an ounce to a 20 inch-long baby weighing 7 1/2 lbs at birth

Answer 19

Fetal period

Question 20

an animal embryo in the later stages of development.

Answer 20

Fetus

Question 21

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

Answer 21

Teratogens (literally “monster maker”)

Question 22

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking, In severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-proportion head and abnormal facial features.

Answer 22

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Question 23

a quick physical test given to every newborn at birth. Scores are given at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. If problems exists, then another tests is given at 10 minutes after birth. A score of 7-10 is considered normal. Infants scoring 4-6 might need resuscitations, whereas scores of 3 or lower require immediate resuscitation.

Answer 23

Apgar test

Question 24

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.

Answer 24

habituation

Question 25

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

Answer 25

maturation

Question 26

the most influential of all developmental theorists, was blazing a new path by studying the way children think and solve problems at different stages in their development
- watched his kids

Answer 26

Jean Piaget

Question 27

children are seen as active learners constructing their own understanding of the world in …

Answer 27

Piaget’s cognitive development theory

Question 28

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Answer 28

cognition

Question 29

interpreting out new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Answer 29

assimilation

Question 30

adapting our current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new information

Answer 30

accomodation

Question 31

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

Answer 31

sensorimotor stage

Question 32

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not percieved

Answer 32

object permeance

Question 33

in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

Answer 33

preoperational stage

Question 34

in Piaget’s theory, the preopertional child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

Answer 34

egocenterism

Question 35

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

Answer 35

concrete operational stage

Question 36

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.

Answer 36

conservation

Question 37

in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally) beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

Answer 37

formal operational stage

Question 38

people’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states - about their feelings perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

Answer 38

theory of mind

Question 39

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.

Answer 39

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Question 40

a theory of development proposed by Vygotsky that emphasizes the interaction of persons with social and cultural aspects of their environments.
- saw children as solitary or independent learners

Answer 40

sociocultural theory

Question 41

support provided by elders for the efforts of a child to participate in an activity that would otherwise be out of the child’s reach, as the child becomes more capable, the adult gradually withdraws support maintaining just enough to allow independent performance.

Answer 41

scaffolding

Question 42

Largely absent early in life but merge in most babies by 7-9 months of age. Approached by a stranger while sitting in a high chair, a 6 month old may smile, but a 9 month old is more likely to frown in distress.

Answer 42

signs of fear

Question 43

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

Answer 43

stranger anxiety

Question 44

an emotional tie with another person: shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

Answer 44

attachment

Question 45

infant monkey were reared with surrogate mothers. One was wired with bottle attached. the other was made of wire but soft terry cloth (no food but comfy). wire one was just for food. Spent the their time with cloth mother.

Answer 45

Harry and Margaret Harlow’s studies

Question 46

an optimal period early in life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

Answer 46

critical period

Question 47

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period

Answer 47

imprinting

Question 48

The Strange Situation
–> Under all but the most extreme circumstances, infants and toddlers form attachment relationships with their caregivers during the first year of life.
these attachment relationships are not, however, all alike. A central way in which these relationships differ from one another, is in their degree of security. … Proposed that differences in the security of attachment are crucial to our understanding of personality, both in infancy and beyond. Designed a laboratory study based on the assumption that in am unfamiliar situation, infants who have developed secure attachment relationships with their parents should respond in predictable ways.

Answer 48

Mary Ainsworth

Question 49

A laboratory procedure designed by Mary Ainsworth to assess security of attachment in about 12 to 18 month olds; sometimes called the Ainsworth …

Answer 49

The Strange Situation

Question 50

The baby that cried when the stranger left the room after it had been comforted by the stranger after being left all alone.

Answer 50

Baby A

Question 51

Asked “where’s mama” when mama left the room. Was very distracted by things were not the toys. Walked over to door after mom left. Refused to be comforted by the stranger. Is appeased by his mom.

Answer 51

Baby B

Question 52

Baby is completely unbothered when his mother leaves. Still does not care when stranger leaves. Notices but doesn’t care all that much when left all alone. Actively talks to and plays with stranger. Looks at the door for a bit when stranger leaves, but still doesn’t care.

Answer 52

Baby C

Question 53

a relationship characterized by infants’ sense of security that the attachment figure (ususually the parent) will protect and provide for them.

Answer 53

Secure Attachment

Question 54

A type of insecure attachment relationship characterized by belief that the parent will not protect or provide for the child or infant and that the parent does not generally serve as a safe haven during stressful circumstances.

Answer 54

Avoidant Attachment

Question 55

A type of insecure attachment relationship characterized by uncertainty about whether the parent will protect or provide for the infant child, and about whether the attachment figure can be trusted to serve as a haven of safety under stressful circumstances.

Answer 55

Ambivalent Attachment

Question 56

An insecure attachment relationship characterized by a disordered pattern of behavior that may include odd or bizarre actions, and that is not clearly organized around an attachment figure. This s the most disordered attachment classification.

Answer 56

Disorganized Attachment

Question 57

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Answer 57

Temperament

Question 58

According to Thomas and Chess, easy infants are generally happy, establish routines easily, and adapt quickly to change.

Answer 58

Easy Temperament

Question 59

According to Thomas and Chess, difficult infants show intense negative reactions, have difficulty adjusting to family routines and resist change

Answer 59

Difficult Temperament

Question 60

According to Thomas and Chess, these infants are relatively inactive negative in mood, and adjust slowly to change.

Answer 60

Slow to warm up temperament

Question 61

… Proposed that the fundamental conflict of infancy is that of basic trust vs. basic mistrust.

Answer 61

Erikson

Question 62

In Erikson’s theory, the infant’s belief that people cannot always be trusted to provide for his or her needs and that world is not necessarily a safe place.

Answer 62

Basic Mistrust

Question 63

According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.

Answer 63

Basic Trust

Question 64

all our thoughts and feeling about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?” - the attributes that people believe characterize themselves.

Answer 64

Self-Concept

Question 65

Parents impose rules and expect obedience: “Don’t interrupt.” “Keep your room clean.” “Don’t stay out late or you’ll be grounded.” “Why? Because I said so.”
- Combines high standards with strict punishments.

Answer 65

Authoritarian

Question 66

Parents submit to their children’s desires. they make few demands and use little punishment.
- Combines little control or guidance of children with high labels of communication, nurturance, and warmth. A … parent dotes on their children and lavish them praise. Even when the child is not behaving as they wish.

Answer 66

Permisive

Question 67

Parents are both demanding and responsive. They exert control by setting rules and enforcing them, but they also explain the reasons for rules. And, especially with older children, they encourage open discussion when making the rules and allow exceptions.

Answer 67

Authoritative

Question 68

The socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female.

Answer 68

Gender

Question 69

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

Answer 69

Aggression

Question 70

A set of behaviors for males or females.

Answer 70

Gender Role

Question 71

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

Answer 71

Role

Question 72

Our sense of being male or female.

Answer 72

Gender Identity

Question 73

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.

Answer 73

Social Learning Theory

Question 74

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Answer 74

Gender Typing

Question 75

An umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex.

Answer 75

Transgender

Question 76

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

Answer 76

Adolescence

Question 77

In Piaget’s theory, the new period of cognitive development is called the stage of…

Answer 77

Formal Operational Though

Question 78

Studied moral development by interviewing children about their responses to moral dilemmas. He studies a croup of 72 boys who were 10 to 16 years of age. He told each boy a series of stories that posed moral dilemmas - problems that could only be solved by making decisions about what is right or wrong.
- Found that the type of reasoning used in response to these dilemmas followed a predictable age related pattern.

Answer 78

Lawrence Kholberg

Question 79

children at this level make moral judgements as individuals , without considering their membership in communities or other groups.

Answer 79

Pre-conventional Level of Moral Reasoning

Question 80

Individuals at this level make moral judgements mainly by attempting to live up to their obligations as members of communities or other groups.

Answer 80

Conventional Level of Moral Reasoning

Question 81

Individuals at this level evaluate moral questions on the basis of self chosen higher values, even though they recognized their obligations as members of communities and other groups.

Answer 81

Post-conventional Level of Moral Reasoning

Question 82

• Shared with Freud a conviction that events occurs early in life that could be decisive influences on later development.
• At each stage … argued, fundamental conflicts emerge between the needs of the developing persons and the supports available from the person’s environment.
• Emphasized the role of seeking a personal identity in adolescence and he was the first modern theorist to recognize that t=development continues throughout the adult years.

Answer 82

Erikson

Question 83

Trust vs Mistrust - if needs are dependable met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.

Answer 83

Infancy (to 1 year)

Question 84

Autonomy vs., Shame and doubt - toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.

Answer 84

Toddlerhood (1-3 years)

Question 85

Initiative vs guilt - Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent.

Answer 85

Preschool (2-6 years)

Question 86

Competence vs inferiority - children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.

Answer 86

Elementary School (6 years to puberty)

Question 87

Identity vs role confusion - teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity,, or they become confused about who they are.

Answer 87

Adolescence (teen years into 20s)

Question 88

Intimacy vs isolation - young adults struggle to form close relationships and to fain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.

Answer 88

Young adulthood (20s to early 40s)

Question 89

Generativity vs stagnation - in middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work of they many feel a lack of purpose

Answer 89

middle adulthood (40s to 60s)

Question 90

Integrity vs despair. reflecting on his or her live, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction of failure

Answer 90

Late Adulthood (Late 60s and up)

Question 91

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.

Answer 91

Identity

Question 92

the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I” comes from our group memberships.

Answer 92

social identity

Question 93

in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

Answer 93

intimacy

Question 94

for some people in modern cultures, a period from late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.

Answer 94

Emerging Adulthood

Question 95

The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two … chromosomes; males have one. An … chromosome form each parent produces a female child.

Answer 95

X Chromosome

Question 96

The sex chromosome found only in males. When pared with an X chromosome form the mother, it produces a male child.

Answer 96

Y Chromosome

Question 97

The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the addition testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Answer 97

Testosterone

Question 98

The period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

Answer 98

Puberty

Question 99

The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.

Answer 99

Primary sex characteristics

Question 100

Nin reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

Answer 100

Secondary sex characteristics

Question 101

The first menstrual period

Answer 101

Menarche

Question 102

A live-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). … depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections.

Answer 102

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

Question 103

An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation), the other sex (heterosexual orientation), or both sexes (bisexual orientation).

Answer 103

Sexual Orientation

Question 104

Roughly twenties and thirties

Answer 104

Early adulthood

Question 105

Thirties to age 65

Answer 105

Middle Adulthood

Question 106

The years after 65

Answer 106

Late Adulthood

Question 107

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changed a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

Answer 107

Menopause

Question 108

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

Answer 108

Cross-sectional study

Question 109

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

Answer 109

Longitudinal study

Question 110

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.

Answer 110

Social Clock