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nutrition > Large Animal Nutrition > Flashcards

Large Animal Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is the goal of livestock nutrition?

A

Provide right amount of nutrients at the right time to meet specific requirements

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2
Q

How is the goal accomplished?

A

Through feed:
Formulation (creating)
Balancing (meeting requirements)
Feed Management (feed quality, processing, delivery)

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3
Q

What are the four primary categories of nutrients?

A
  1. Energy
  2. Protein
  3. Vitamins
  4. Minerals
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4
Q

What are the macronutrients?

A

Energy and protein

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5
Q

What are the micronutrients?

A

Vitamins and minerals

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6
Q

What is the forgotten nutrient?

A

Water

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7
Q

What are the four things that nutrient requirements depend on?

A
  1. Species
  2. Stage of Production
  3. Animal purpose/function
  4. External factors
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8
Q

What is maintenance for biological functioning and nutrient use?

A

Maintaining or preserving the animal’s body
Foundation for all other biological processes
Entire life cycle for all livestock
Increase with size and age
Male maintenance requirements > female maintenance requirements

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9
Q

What is growth for biological functioning and nutrient use?

A

Increasing in body mass and size
Predominantly in young animals

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10
Q

What is lactation for biological functioning and nutrient use?

A

Milk production: After gestation and parturition
Teats and mammary glands

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11
Q

What is Fetal Development for biological functioning and nutrient use?

A

Pregnant female animals, sexually mature
Tissue/organ development and maintenance

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12
Q

What is body reserves for biological functioning and nutrient use?

A

Fat deposition
Increase with age

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13
Q

What is feed?

A

Vehicle of nutrients

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14
Q

What do we feed animals?

A

Rations

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15
Q

What are rations?

A

Mixture of feedstuffs

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16
Q

What are feed ingredients?

A

Silage
Hay
Straw
Grain
Premix
Supplements
Additives
Water/moisture

17
Q

What are the two kinds of feedstuff?

A

Forage and Concentrate

18
Q

What is Forage Feedstuff?

A

Plant-based feed
High dry matter (DM) content
Foundation of a ruminant rations
Minimal presence in monogastric rations

19
Q

What is Concentrate Feedstuff?

A

Grain-based, lack fibrous plant material
High concentration of nutrients
Readily available nutrients
Foundation of monogastric rations
Easier to digest

20
Q

What is Silage?

A

Plant-based, entire crop
High moisture content
Ensiling process (storage + fermentation)

21
Q

What is Hay?

A

Annual legume/grass crop
High DM content

22
Q

What is Straw?

A

Byproduct of crop harvest
High DM content

23
Q

What is Grain?

A

Seed of a crop
Excellent concentrate

24
Q

What is Premix?

A

Predetermined mix of vitamins and/or minerals
Specific to animal type

25
Q

What are Supplements?

A

High concentration of a specific nutrient
Increase amount of a certain nutrient
Tailored to meet nutritional requirements

26
Q

What are Additives?

A

Alter digestive function and animal performance

27
Q

What is Water/Moisture?

A

Water source
Natural resources
Feedstuffs

28
Q

What determines the feedstuff you would give?

A

Age
Goals/purpose
Feed form/processing requirements
Location
Weather
Soil
Nutrient availability

29
Q

How do ruminants (+ equine) utilize nutrients from feed?

A

primary forages
Silage, hay, straw
Ability to digest and degrade fiber + synthesize other nutrients

30
Q

How do monogastrics utilize nutrients from feed?

A

Minimal forages, primarily concentrates and byproducts

31
Q

Explain the gastrointestinal tract of the ruminant?

A

Esophagus -> reticulum -> rumen -> omasum -> abomasum -> small intestine

32
Q

What is the role of ruminant microbes?

A

Rumen fermentation + maintain gut health

33
Q

What is the role of monogastric microbes?

A

Hind-gut fermentation + maintain gut health

34
Q

How are rations made?

A

Collaboration with nutritionists and nutrition experts
Technology
Ration formulation and balancing softwares
Assess animal performance and reevaluate to make decisions
Experience, science/research, feedstuff availability and affordability

nutrition (4 decks)

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