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Herbal Medicine > 12_Plant Physiology > Flashcards

12_Plant Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What pigment do plant cells contain that is a source of magnesium?

A

Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is responsible for the green color in plants and is essential for photosynthesis.

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2
Q

What is the composition of the plant cell wall?

A

Cellulose

Cellulose provides structural support and is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth.

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3
Q

What is lignin and what role does it play in plant cells?

A

A tough organic polymer that provides extra support in woody plants

Lignin is often found in cell walls that become lignified.

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4
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane in a plant cell?

A

Regulates the cell environment

The cell membrane is semi-permeable and consists of a double layer of phospholipids.

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5
Q

What is the nucleus’s role in a plant cell?

A

Control center of the cell, containing chromosomes

The nucleus is typically grey and located at the corner of a cell.

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6
Q

What are transport proteins and their function?

A

Transport substances across biological membranes

They facilitate movement of ions, sugars, proteins, and messenger molecules.

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7
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and their functions?

A

Smooth ER and Rough ER

Smooth ER is involved in lipid production and calcium storage; Rough ER is involved in protein synthesis and recycling.

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8
Q

What organelles contain chlorophyll and are essential for photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts also store nutrients like starches.

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9
Q

What is the main function of mitochondria in plant cells?

A

Responsible for cellular respiration

Mitochondria can move to areas requiring energy within the cell.

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10
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

Stores, transports, and modifies proteins within the cell

The Golgi apparatus is crucial for processing proteins synthesized in the cell.

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11
Q

What is the vacuole’s role in a plant cell?

A

Maintains cell pressure and stores chemicals, proteins, and hormones

The vacuole can comprise up to 90% of the cell’s volume.

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12
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Network of microtubules and filaments allowing movement of organelles

The cytoskeleton provides structural support and facilitates intracellular transport.

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13
Q

What is the appearance and function of cytoplasm?

A

Clear, gel-like solution that fills the cell

Cytoplasm contains organelles and is where many metabolic processes occur.

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14
Q

What is plasmodesmata?

A

Strands of cytoplasm extending through cell walls for communication

Plasmodesmata facilitate the translocation of substances between plant cells.

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15
Q

What is the middle lamella?

A

Pectin-containing layer that glues cells together

Pectin has healing properties for the gut lining and is used in herbal medicine.

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16
Q

What are the types of meristemic tissue responsible for growth?

A

Apical meristem, cork cambium, lateral meristem

Each type has a specific role in primary and secondary growth.

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17
Q

What is parenchyma and its significance?

A

Unspecialized, abundant cells adaptable to various functions

Parenchyma can differentiate into specialized types like chlorenchyma for photosynthesis.

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18
Q

What are the two main types of complex plant tissues?

A

Xylem and Phloem

These tissues are responsible for water and nutrient transport in plants.

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19
Q

What is the function of xylem?

A

Transports fluid up from the roots

Xylem is reinforced with lignin and does not have end-walls between cells.

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20
Q

What does phloem transport?

A

Glucose from leaves to all cells

Phloem cells lose their nuclei at maturity and rely on companion cells.

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21
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water from a dilute to a concentrated solution across a semi-permeable membrane

It is essential for nutrient uptake in plants.

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22
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Loss of water by evaporation from plants

Transpiration helps regulate temperature and maintains turgor pressure.

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23
Q

What are stomata?

A

Openings in leaves and stems for gas exchange

Stomata are surrounded by guard cells that regulate their opening and closing.

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24
Q

What is guttation?

A

The process of root pressure forcing water out as droplets on leaf tips

Guttation occurs in some plants, like Lady’s Mantle.

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25
What is Guttation?
Guttation is the process where root pressure forces water out as droplets on the tips of leaves, such as in Lady’s Mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris). ## Footnote Guttation comes from the Latin word 'gutta', meaning drop.
26
What is the significance of Osmosis for plants?
Osmosis is crucial for maintaining turgor pressure, nutrient uptake, and overall plant hydration.
27
What is meant by Transpiration?
Transpiration is the process of water vapor loss from plant leaves through stomata.
28
What is the function of the Casparian Strip?
The Casparian Strip regulates the flow of water and nutrients into the vascular system of the plant.
29
Describe the action of Guard Cells.
Guard Cells control the opening and closing of stomata to regulate gas exchange and water loss.
30
What causes the droplets to appear on Lady’s Mantle leaves?
Droplets appear on Lady’s Mantle leaves due to Guttation.
31
When is the best time of day to harvest plant material, and why?
The best time to harvest plant material is early in the morning when moisture content is high and essential oils are at their peak.
32
What is another name for plant hormones?
Phytohormones or plant growth substances
33
What do plant hormones regulate?
Overall plant growth and function
34
What is the most common form of Auxins?
Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)
35
Where are Auxins produced in plants?
In the apical meristem at the tips of shoots
36
What effect do Auxins have on cell pH and rigidity?
Raises pH around cells, makes cells less rigid
37
What is apical dominance in plants?
The tendency of plants to grow upwards rather than sideways
38
Which hormone inhibits axillary bud growth due to Auxins?
Ethylene
39
What are some commercial uses of Auxins?
* Promotes root growth * Uniform flowering * Sets fruit * Prevents fruit drop
40
What are Cytokinins responsible for?
Cell growth, division in roots and shoots, and differentiation of tissues
41
How do Cytokinins interact with Auxins?
They are antagonistic and promote lateral bud growth
42
What is the role of Gibberellins in plants?
Causes cell elongation, cell division, and lengthening of internodes
43
What is a key feature of Gibberellic Acid in agriculture?
It is used to increase the size of table grapes and regulate citrus flowering
44
What does Ethylene promote in plants?
* Abscission of leaves and fruit * Induces senescence in flowers
45
What is Abscisic acid's function in plants?
Inhibits cell growth and promotes dormancy in buds and seeds over Winter
46
What is the process of Phototropism?
Growth response to light
47
What is positive phototropism?
Growth towards light
48
What is Gravitropism?
Growth response to gravity
49
What is Photoperiodism?
Effect of daylight length on plant development
50
What is Thermoperiodism?
Effect of temperature on plant growth
51
What is the definition of Photosynthesis?
The process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in sugar
52
What are the inputs and outputs of Photosynthesis?
Inputs: Carbon dioxide, water, light; Outputs: Glucose, oxygen, water
53
Where does Photosynthesis take place?
In chloroplasts
54
What are the two types of plant reproduction?
* Sexual reproduction * Asexual reproduction
55
What is cross-fertilization?
The pollen of one plant fertilizes the stigma of another plant
56
What are some advantages of sexual reproduction?
* Offspring are different from parents * Able to adapt to environmental conditions * Less likely to be lost to disease
57
What are some disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
* Lack of genetic variation * Reduced ability to adapt to environmental changes
58
Fill in the blank: The process of respiration is ______ to photosynthesis.
opposite
59
What factors affect respiration rate in plants?
* Temperature * Water * Oxygen
60
What are the advantages of asexual reproduction in plants?
Advantages include: * No need to find/grow near a mate * Saves energy as less pollen and nectar is produced ## Footnote Asexual reproduction allows plants to reproduce without the need for pollinators, thus conserving resources.
61
What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction in plants?
Disadvantages include: * Lack of genetic variation * Reduced ability to adapt to environmental changes * Localised distribution ## Footnote These limitations can make asexual populations vulnerable to diseases and environmental shifts.
62
What is a corm?
Corms are a method of asexual reproduction in plants. ## Footnote Corms are swollen underground stems that store nutrients and can produce new plants.
63
What modifications aid in seed distribution?
Modifications include: * Wind distribution for dust-like seeds * Sepal modifications to form parachute structures * Attachment to animals via sticky substances or hooks * Floating on water due to trapped air or waxy waterproof layers * Ejection on spring-like structures * Animal distribution following fruit ingestion and evacuation ## Footnote These adaptations help ensure seeds can spread beyond the immediate vicinity of the parent plant.
64
What is the seed coat?
The seed coat is the outer covering of a seed. ## Footnote It protects the seed from physical damage and desiccation.
65
What is the hilum in a seed?
The hilum is the scar attachment on a seed. ## Footnote It marks the spot where the seed was attached to the ovary wall.
66
What is the micropyle in a seed?
The micropyle is the pore for water absorption in a seed. ## Footnote It allows water to enter the seed, initiating the germination process.
67
What is a cotyledon?
A cotyledon is an embryonic leaf or leaves in a seed. ## Footnote Cotyledons provide initial nourishment to the developing seedling.
68
What is endosperm?
Endosperm is the nutritive tissue in the embryo sac of a seed. ## Footnote It serves as a food source for the developing embryo.
69
What part of the seed will form the seedling after germination?
The embryo will form the seedling after germination, specifically the radical (root) and plumule (shoot). ## Footnote The radical emerges first to establish roots, followed by the plumule which develops into the shoot.
70
What are the stages of germination?
The stages of germination include: * Water imbibed causing seed to swell * Enzymes activated which convert starch to sugar * Respiration accelerates providing energy * Radicle (root) emerges * Plumule (shoot) emerges ## Footnote These stages are critical for a seed to transition into a young plant.
71
What are the requirements for germination?
Requirements for germination include: * Moisture * Drainage * Correct temperature * Light or darkness * Protection from predators, drying, mould, excessive moisture ## Footnote These factors are essential to ensure successful germination and establishment of the seedling.
72
True or False: Asexual reproduction in plants leads to high genetic variation.
False ## Footnote Asexual reproduction results in clones, leading to low genetic variation.
73
Fill in the blank: The __________ is the part of the seed that will form the root after germination.
radicle ## Footnote The radicle is the first part to emerge from the seed during germination.
74
What advantage does a plant gain from producing fruits?
Producing fruits aids in seed dispersal, attracting animals and providing a mechanism for seeds to spread away from the parent plant. ## Footnote Fruits can also protect seeds and provide nourishment to the developing embryo.

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