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Question 1

Social policy refers to: (a) a set of planned actions to solve a social problem (b) a set of actions sponsored by the federal government to attain a social goal (c) a set of community based programs using volunteers to aid children (d) state and county government programs aimed at improving children’s lives

Answer 1

(a) *a set of planned actions to solve a social problem

Question 2

Public policy is best described as: (a) government-based social policy (b) policy initiated by
the public (c) policy initiated by community action groups (d) policy initiated by concerned
citizens who wish to help children

Answer 2

(a) *government-based social policy

Question 3

The purpose of social policy is to: (a) provide information (b) provide funding to achieve goals such as child protection and family support (c) provide services to prevent or reduce problems (d) all of the above

Answer 3

(d) *all of the above

Question 4

New America Foundation and Child Trends are organizations that serve the following social policy function: (a) provide funding to achieve goals such as child protection and family support (b) provide information (c) provide services to prevent or reduce problems (d) train community volunteers to execute social policy initiatives

Answer 4

(b) *provide information

Question 5

Policy decisions always involve the following considerations: (a) trade-offs and compromises based on societal needs (b) budgetary limitations (c) political agendas (d) all of the above

Answer 5

(d) *all of the above

Question 6

Child policy priorities have changed in the last 100 years. In the late1800s, the main concern for U.S. policy makers was: (a) working conditions for children (b) poverty (c) preventing moral and sexual transgressions of children (d) child abuse

Answer 6

(a) *working conditions for children

Question 7

In the middle of the 20th century the major policy concerns were: (a) teenage parenthood (b) health insurance (c) child abuse (d) preventing moral and sexual transgressions of children

Answer 7

(d) *preventing moral and sexual transgressions of children

Question 8

Which issue is not a current policy concern? (a) child abuse (b) health insurance for children (c) early education and child care (d) none of the above

Answer 8

(d) *none of the above

Question 9

You are pleased to be residing in the U.S. because of the following social policies and social
conditions: (a) the low rate of poverty in the U.S. compared with other modern societies (b) the
high level of support provided for children compared with military spending (c) the
government’s being largely responsible for the health and well-being of children (d) none of the
above

Answer 9

(d) *none of the
above

Question 10

A common form of federal funding for child and family policies is: (a) block grants (b) TANF grants (c) matching grants (d) some of the above but not all of the above

Answer 10

(d) *some of the above but not all of the above

Question 11

A federal grant in which the state and federal government share the cost of the program is termed: (a) a dividend-yielding grant (b) a block grant (c) a legislatively mandated grant (d) a matching grant

Answer 11

(d) *a matching grant

Question 12

The research base for a policy: (a) always takes precedence over political considerations (b) has become a decreasing concern over the last few decades of policy making (c) is recognized as important but generally ignored in policy making (d) is increasingly considered in policy making

Answer 12

(d) *is increasingly considered in policy making

Question 13

Primary prevention policies are designed to: (a) provide remedial training for children with poor social skills (b) alter environmental conditions and prevent problems before they develop (c) provide therapy for children in trouble (d) focus on children who are already at risk of developing problems

Answer 13

(b) *alter environmental conditions and prevent problems before they develop

Question 14

A county supervisor provides a service to monitor the level of lead in the environment. This is an example of: (a) a legislatively mandated grant (b) a secondary prevention policy (c) a tertiary prevention policy (d) none of the above

Answer 14

(d) *none of the above

Question 15

An example of a secondary prevention effort would be: (a) making sure schools are safe (b)
monitoring sulphur levels in the soil in children’s playgrounds (c) providing Head Start
programs for disadvantaged children (d) providing parent education for first-time new mothers

Answer 15

(c) *providing Head Start
programs for disadvantaged children

Question 16

A secondary prevention effort is aimed at: (a) preventing problems before they appear (b) fixing problems before they are present but only those that affect poor children (c) providing remedies for problems after they appear or for children who are at risk of developing problems (d) providing programs such as ensuring the safety of the water supply

Answer 16

(c) *providing remedies for problems after they appear or for children who are at risk of developing problems

Question 17

Policies that focus on ameliorating or “fixing” problems after they have developed include: (a) efforts to reduce gang violence by teaching aggressive children how to solve social problems (b) programs to encourage pregnant teens to stay in school by providing on-site child care for their babies (c) programs to re-train parents after they have abused their children (d) all of the above

Answer 17

(d) *all of the above

Question 18

TANF is a program aimed at: (a) improving the quality of schools in impoverished areas or funding supplementary after-school programs (b) reducing gang violence (c) providing parents with job training and parenting-skills training (d) none of the above

Answer 18

(d) *none of the above

Question 19

An example of a type of service-oriented policy would be: (a) TANF (b) UNESCO (c) FSP (Food Stamps program) (d) INOF (International Needs Organization Forum)

Answer 19

(c) *FSP (Food Stamps program)

Question 20

Economic improvement programs are aimed at: (a) providing better housing (b) increasing income for poor families (c) providing money management skills (d) some of the above but not all of the above

Answer 20

(d) *some of the above but not all of the above

Question 21

The strategies used in the Promoting Safe and Stable Families Program would generally include: (a) home visiting to teach about developmental milestones (b) providing food stamps (c) providing income supplements (d) nutrition education

Answer 21

(a) *home visiting to teach about developmental milestones

Question 22

Under Title I (Improving the Academic Achievement of the Disadvantaged) children and families could expect the following kinds of assistance: (a) free school lunches (b) parent education (c) provision of after-school programs (d) teacher retraining skills

Answer 22

c) *provision of after-school programs

Question 23

In the U.S., about what percentage of children live below the poverty line? (a) 10% (b) 35% (c) 20% (d) 30%

Answer 23

(c) *20%

Question 24

Compared with other industrialized countries, the level of poverty in the U.S. is: (a) about the same (b) lower (c) higher (d) too difficult to compare across countries so it is unclear

Answer 24

(c) *higher

Question 25

Parents in poverty are more likely to experience which of the following: (a) limited power (b) lack of resources (c) psychological distress (d) all of the above

Answer 25

(d) *all of the above

Question 26

Poor children are at increased risk for: (a) not finishing elementary school (b) being born with low birth weight (c) reaching puberty earlier (d) none of the above

Answer 26

b) *being born with low birth weight

Question 27

Protective factors to reduce the effects of poverty on children include: (a) increasing family income when children are adolescents (b) being poor in the first five years of life (c) having high quality child care (d) becoming close friends with protective services personnel

Answer 27

(c) *having high quality child care

Question 28

The developmental trajectory for families in poverty can best be described as: (a) highly stable (b) families move in and out of poverty (c) families that move out of poverty stay out of poverty (d) families only move out of poverty when provided with government assistance for at least 5 years

Answer 28

(b) *families move in and out of poverty

Question 29

Children enrolled in evaluated Head Start programs compared with children who were not enrolled tended to be: (a) better readers (b) less aggressive (c) less shy (d) more motorically skilled

Answer 29

(a) *better readers

Question 30

Parents of children in the National Head Start Impact Study compared with parents of children who were not in Head Start: (a) *were more likely to read to their children (b) were just as likely to spank their children (c) provided better meals for their children (d) loved their children more

Answer 30

(a) *were more likely to read to their children

Question 31

TANF, a welfare reform policy that provides assistance for single parents through block grants to states, stipulated that: (a) there were no time limits on cash assistance but there were work requirements (b) recipients must be searching or preparing for a job and then engaging in full-time work within 2 years of receiving their first aid check (c) aid was limited to a maximum of 8 years (d) recipients could receive welfare even after they found a job

Answer 31

(b) *recipients must be searching or preparing for a job and then engaging in full-time work within 2 years of receiving their first aid check

Question 32

What did researchers discover were the effects of TANF? (a) parents benefited from going to work and earning money but reported more domestic violence (b) mothers who moved into stable employment showed no improvement in psychological well-being (c) adolescent problem behavior (drinking, smoking, minor delinquency) increased when parents moved from welfare to work (d) welfare policies that increased parents’ employment but did not affect family income had many positive effects on children’s social behavior.

Answer 32

(c) *adolescent problem behavior (drinking, smoking, minor delinquency) increased when parents moved from welfare to work

Question 33

The following features increase the effectiveness of programs for poor children and families: (a) programs begin early in the child’s life (b) programs involve parents as well as children (c) programs continue over a long period of time (d) all of the above

Answer 33

(d) *all of the above

Question 34

What is the Abecedarian project? (a) a welfare to work program (b) a tertiary prevention program (c) a secondary prevention effort (d) a program for poor adolescents

Answer 34

(c) *a secondary prevention effort

Question 35

What is not a reason for the increased percentage of children in child care? (a) the rise in maternal employment (b) increased geographic mobility (c) increased availability of affordable high quality child care (d) most parents believe that children benefit from spending time in a setting where they can interact with peers

Answer 35

(c) *increased availability of affordable high quality child care

Question 36

In choosing child care, parents balance: (a) cost (b) convenience (c) quality (d) all of the above

Answer 36

(d) *all of the above

Question 37

The following features are included in how researchers define high quality child care: (a) convenient location (b) good price (c) friendliness of staff (d) low child-adult ratio

Answer 37

(d) *low child-adult ratio

Question 38

If someone was looking for a high quality child care arrangement, it would probably be: (a) nanny care so the child would be able to stay at home (b) a neighbor’s family day care home (c) a licensed child care center (d) a facility with a relaxed social structure so children would be less stressed

Answer 38

(c) *a licensed child care center

Question 39

Over the last several decades, as more children have been enrolled in child care, the quality of child care has: (a) improved (b) stayed the same (c) improved until the last 5 years (d) gotten worse

Answer 39

(d) *gotten worse

Question 40

What is a main feature of center based child care? (a) an adult, most often a mother, cares for a small group of children (b) care is relatively inexpensive (c) the program offers children educational opportunities (d) the program is typically not regulated by the state

Answer 40

(c) *the program offers children educational opportunities

Question 41

Why should parents avoid using a family child care home as their choice of child care for their young children? (a) it will probably be too expensive (b) it will probably be too structured and educationally oriented, which puts pressure on young children (c) it will probably be subject to too many government regulations (d) caregivers will probably be poorly trained or untrained

Answer 41

(d) *caregivers will probably be poorly trained or untrained

Question 42

Using nanny care is desirable because: (a) it ensures an educationally stimulating environment (b) it is convenient (c) it affords lots of opportunities for children to have contact with peers (d) nannies are well trained and licensed

Answer 42

(b) *it is convenient

Question 43

As a household expense, child care is: (a) second only to housing (b) second only to food (c) as costly as transportation (d) the largest expense

Answer 43

(a) *second only to housing

Question 44

Children in high quality child care compared with those in low quality care are: (a) more sociable (b) less considerate (c) more prosocial (d) some of the above

Answer 44

(d) *some of the above

Question 45

Children in high quality child care compared with those in low quality care: (a) are more likely to have increased cortisol levels over the course of the day (b) show dramatic drops in cortisol levels during the day (c) are less likely to have increased cortisol levels over the course of the day (d) show more fluctuations in cortisol levels across the day

Answer 45

(c) *are less likely to have increased cortisol levels over the course of the day

Question 46

The effects of high quality child care on children’s social and cognitive development is best characterized as: (a) short term but dramatic (b) short term but modest (c) long term but dramatic (d) long term but modest

Answer 46

(d) *long term but modest

Question 47

According to researchers, what components define high quality child care? (a) being close to home (b) having teachers with a high level of training (c) having high staff turnover so children can interact with a diversity of adults (d) having a substantial number of children to ensure that children have many different play opportunities

Answer 47

(b) *having teachers with a high level of training

Question 48

Which of the following are not features of a high quality child care facility? (a) low staff turnover (b) low child-adult ratio (c) highly structured educational curriculum (d) abundance of materials

Answer 48

c) *highly structured educational curriculum

Question 49

Children who spend more time in child care—more hours, more months, more years—are likely to be: (a) louder (b) more assertive (c) more disobedient (d) all of the above

Answer 49

(d) *all of the above

Question 50

Children who spend more time in child care—more hours, more months, more years— compared with those who spend less time in child care: (a) experience less stress so they are better adapted to the situation (b) experience no difference in their level of stress (c) experience more stress (d) experience more stress but only early in a typical day

Answer 50

(c) *experience more stress

Question 51

Boys who spend lots of time in care in comparison with girls who spend lots of time in care respond with: (a) more anxious symptoms but less aggression (b) more fearful symptoms (c) more aggression (d) more vigilant anxious behaviors

Answer 51

(c) *more aggression

Question 52

The U.S. is notable for the following child care policies: (a) the government provides a high level of financial support for all families with young children (b) there is a unified federal government policy (c) federal training programs for child care providers ensure uniformity of caretaker skill (d) none of the above

Answer 52

(d) *none of the above

Question 53

Which of the following would be helpful ways of improving access to quality child care? (a) extending the public educational system downward to include 4-year-olds (b) increasing parental knowledge about child care (c) providing more money for parents to pay for child care (d) all of the above

Answer 53

(d) *all of the above

Question 54

Compared with other industrialized countries, the U.S. rate of teen pregnancy is: (a) the same (b) higher but only for older teens (c) lower for all teens (d) higher for all teens

Answer 54

(d) *higher for all teens

Question 55

Over the last two decades, the rates of teen pregnancy in the U.S. have: (a) declined but risen recently (b) increased but declined recently (c) declined for African American teens but risen for other groups (d) showed a steady decline for all ethnic /racial groups

Answer 55

(a) *declined but risen recently

Question 56

In the U.S., what percentage of teens are sexually active? (a) 10% (b) 80% (c) 30% (d) 60%

Answer 56

(d) *60%

Question 57

Teens who are likely to become pregnant are different in a number of ways from teens who are not. They are: (a) more religious (b) more likely to have a sexually active best friend (c) more likely to live in a two-parent family (d) better at regulating their emotions

Answer 57

(b) *more likely to have a sexually active best friend

Question 58

The following factor decreases your chance of becoming pregnant as a teen: (a) living in Stockholm (b) living in Mississippi (c) living in Alaska (d) living in New Hampshire

Answer 58

(a)* living in Stockholm

Question 59

TV is one of the factors that may lead to increased teen pregnancy because: (a) it shows high rates of sexual activity without contraception (b) it shows widespread practice of safe sex (c) it presents clear messages about the risks associated with teen sex (d) parents do not monitor their teens’ TV viewing

Answer 59

(a) *it shows high rates of sexual activity without contraception

Question 60

The consequences of becoming a teen mother include the following: (a) a lower likelihood of completing high school (b) a higher likelihood of going on welfare (c) a higher probability of being unable to afford child care (d) all of the above

Answer 60

(d) *all of the above

Question 61

The life course trajectory of teen mothers into adulthood illustrates the following: (a) the principle of mutifinality (b) the principle of the inevitability of the devastating effects of early hardship on one’s later life chances (c) the principle of equifinality (d) the principle of social dynamics

Answer 61

(a) *the principle of mutifinality

Question 62

According to life course theory, becoming pregnant as a teen increases if (a) puberty is reached early (b) life expectancy is lower than usual (c) one is concerned about lineage survival (d) all of the above

Answer 62

(d) *all of the above

Question 63

The effects of being a child of a teen mother include the following: (a) being more likely to die in infancy (b) becoming more flexible and resilient as a result of early hardships (c) avoiding teen pregnancy as a result of learning from your own mother’s mistake (d) good self-control and low levels of aggression

Answer 63

(a) *being more likely to die in infancy

Question 64

Teens who become parents, compared with older parents: (a) are similar in their level of nurturance and warmth (b) have lower educational aspirations for their children (c) use reasoning as a disciplinary practice more often (d) have similar levels of personal problems

Answer 64

b) *have lower educational aspirations for their children

Question 65

What factors help children of teen parents develop better? (a) strong ties to their father (b) living with their grandparents (c) having a parent who knows a lot about child developmental timetables (d) some but not all of the above

Answer 65

(d) *some but not all of the above

Question 66

Becoming a teen mother affects not only the girl and her children but also: (a) increases the burden on the girl’s parents (b) increases the girl’s sister’s chance of becoming a violent offender (c) increases the chance that the girl’s brother will become a teen father (d) decreases the chance that the girl’s sister will become a teen mother, through negative modeling

Answer 66

(a) *increases the burden on the girl’s parents

Question 67

Teen fathers are likely to be in regular contact with their offspring if: (a) they have a job (b) the maternal grandparents are supportive of their involvement (c) they accept responsibility for being a parent (d) all of the above

Answer 67

(d) *all of the above

Question 68

As their children get older, most teen fathers: (a) show a steady pattern of involvement (b) increase their involvement because of better father–child communication (c) decrease their level of involvement (d) show little involvement in infancy but a high degree during adolescence when the child is at most risk for social problems

Answer 68

(c) *decrease their level of involvement

Question 69

The most effective way to reduce the chance of becoming a teen parent is to: (a) make plans to go to college (b) enroll in an abstinence program (c) watch more TV so you don’t have an active social life (d) take a virginity pledge

Answer 69

(a) *make plans to go to college

Question 70

Comprehensive sex education in the schools has been found to: (a) be no more effective than no program at all (b) lead to a higher level of sexual experimentation (c) lead to more use of contraception (d) be associated with an increase in the rate of sexually transmitted diseases

Answer 70

(c) *lead to more use of contraception

Question 71

Child abuse is most likely to occur (a) in the first year of life (b) in the teen years (c) during toddlerhood (d) equally at all ages

Answer 71

(a) *in the first year of life

Question 72

Child abuse is more likely to occur when: (a) a parent is unemployed (b) a parent is a teen (c) the child lives in a single parent household (d) all of the above

Answer 72

(d) *all of the above

Question 73

The major perpetrator of physical child abuse is likely to be: (a) a mentally ill parent (b) a mother (c) a grandparent (d) a father

Answer 73

(b) *a mother

Question 74

What is not an example of physical child abuse? (a) shoving (b) withholding food (c) allowing the child access to alcohol (d) restricting access to the bathroom

Answer 74

(c) *allowing the child access to alcohol

Question 75

Sexual abuse is more likely for: (a) boys (b) girls (c) equally for boys and girls (d) younger children

Answer 75

(b) *girls

Question 76

In order to qualify as child abuse, the following condition must be met: (a) the perpetrator intends to hurt the child (b) the action violates current cultural or community standards (c) the perpetrator inflicts harm on the child even if unintentionally (d) the child suffers visible bruising or other obvious signs of harm

Answer 76

(c) *the perpetrator inflicts harm on the child even if unintentionally

Question 77

Child abuse is transmitted across generations in a cycle of abuse: (a) nearly all of the time (b) nearly one third of the time (c) over half of the time (d) this is a myth; abuse is rarely repeated across generations

Answer 77

b) *nearly one third of the time

Question 78

A cross-generation cycle of abuse is less likely to occur when: (a) parents remain isolated from their relatives (b) grandparents receive therapy and set a better example for the next generation (c) parents have high expectations for their children’s rate of development (d) previously abused mothers have a close and supportive marital relationship

Answer 78

(d) *previously abused mothers have a close and supportive marital relationship

Question 79

Child abuse is best characterized as a ______process: (a) parent level (b) child level (c) dyadic level (d) intra-individual level

Answer 79

(c) *dyadic level

Question 80

According to Bronfenbrenner, child abuse is usefully conceptualized as a: (a) zone of proximal development process (b) transcendental process (c) maturational process (d) ecological systems process

Answer 80

(d) *ecological systems process

Question 81

Children contribute to their own abuse by: (a) being born prematurely with a birth defect (b) having a shy temperament (c) being easy to console (d) having only average intelligence

Answer 81

(a) *being born prematurely with a birth defect

Question 82

The following strategies are not effective ways to control or reduce the level of abuse in a community: (a) banning physical punishment (b) teaching parents how to more accurately “read” infants’ social cues (c) increasing the isolation of parents so they do not learn ineffective and potentially abusive strategies from others in the community (d) funding more crisis nurseries and home visiting programs

Answer 82

(c) *increasing the isolation of parents so they do not learn ineffective and potentially abusive strategies from others in the community