1.3: Age and identity Flashcards by Dani Shirley

The concept of age is rooted in what?

The concept of age is rooted in:
1. Biological
Or,
2. Chronological
development

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The concept of age is rooted in biological or chronological development.
In this respect, we all pass through various phases of what?

In this respect, we all pass through various phases of:
1. Physical
2. Psychological
development

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The concept of age is rooted in biological or chronological development.
In this respect, we all pass through various phases of physical and psychological development, from what to what?

In this respect, we all pass through various phases of:
1. Physical
2. Psychological
development, from birth to death

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Biologically speaking, we don’t always have a choice about what?

Biologically speaking, we don’t always have a choice about the way we behave

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Biologically speaking, we don’t always have a choice about the way we behave.
Example

For example:
1. Babies
2. Infants
are not physically capable of performing adult tasks

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Sociologists point out that age is largely a social construct

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Sociologists point out that age is largely a social construct, rather than being just the result of biological characteristics

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There are many cultural differences:

Across different societies
Between subcultural groups

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There are many cultural differences:
1. Across different societies
2. Between subcultural groups
,which support this view

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Life courses are also socially constructed

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For example, there are differing views on when childhood ends

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Biologically speaking, we don’t always have a choice about the way we behave.
For example, babies and infants are not physically capable of performing adult tasks.
However, sociologists point out that age is largely a social construct, rather than being just the result of biological characteristics.
There are many cultural differences across different societies and between subcultural groups, which support this view.
Life courses are also socially constructed.
For example, there are differing views on when childhood ends.
As well as this, life courses are what?

As well as this, life courses are relative

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As well as this, life courses are relative, because what it means to be a ‘child’ in the UK is not the same as what it means in India, for example

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Comparing:
1. Traditional pre-industrial societies
with
2. Modern industrial societies such as the UK
helps illustrate this further

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Pre-industrial is before what?

Pre-industrial is before the Industrial Revolution

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Age in pre-industrial societies:

No what was known, births were not what and the exact age was not seen as what?

No precise age was known
Births were not registered
The exact age was not seen as important

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Age in pre-industrial societies:
No precise age was known, births were not registered and the exact age was not seen as important.
Age in contemporary societies:
What is a key feature of identity, the question what is a frequent what and age progression is what?

Biological age is a key feature of identity
The question ‘How old are you?’ is a frequent conversation starter
Age progression is marked and celebrated with birthdays

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Age in pre-industrial societies:

There was no clear, distinct separation of what?

There was no clear, distinct separation of childhood from adulthood

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Age in pre-industrial societies:
There was no clear, distinct separation of childhood from adulthood.
Children brought what in for their families?

Children brought money in for their families

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Age in pre-industrial societies:
There was no clear, distinct separation of childhood from adulthood.
Children brought money in for their families with jobs like what?

Children brought money in for their families with jobs like:

Coal mining
Working on farms

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Therefore, children were economic assets

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Age in pre-industrial societies:
There was no clear, distinct separation of childhood from adulthood.
Children brought money in for their families with jobs like coal mining and working on farms.
Therefore, children were economic assets.
Age in contemporary societies:
Childhood is viewed as a what time and children are seen as what?

Childhood is viewed as a special, privileged time

2. Children are seen as vulnerable, innocent and in need of protection

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Children are relying on their parents to provide for them

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Children are:

Relying on their parents to provide for them
So are economic liabilities

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Age in pre-industrial societies: | Childhood as we know it today did not what?

Childhood as we know it today did not exist

Age in pre-industrial societies: Childhood as we know it today did not exist. It is a recent invention. There was no recognised what?

There was no recognised age stage of 'youth'

Young people were not recognised as a separate social category, because they were seen as 'little adults'

Young people were not recognised as a separate social category, because they were: 1. Seen as 'little adults' 2. Generally indistinguishable from parents

Young people were not recognised as a separate social category, because they were seen as 'little adults' and were generally indistinguishable from parents in terms of: 1. Values 2. Tastes 3. Behaviour 4. Dress

Age in pre-industrial societies: Childhood as we know it today did not exist. It is a recent what?

It is a recent invention

Age in pre-industrial societies: Childhood as we know it today did not exist. It is a recent invention. There was no recognised age stage of 'youth.' Young people were not recognised as a separate social category, because they were seen as 'little adults' and were generally indistinguishable from parents in terms of values, tastes, behaviour and dress. Age in contemporary societies: Youth was recognised from when as what?

Youth was recognised from the 1950s as a unique age group

Youth was recognised from the 1950s as a unique age group and there was the emergence of a youth culture based on specific teenage: 1. Fashion 2. Music

Age in pre-industrial societies: | Elders often acquired what?

Elders often acquired greater: 1. Status 2. Power

Age in pre-industrial societies: Elders often acquired greater status and power. Elders were regarded as having what than those who are younger?

Elders were regarded as having greater: 1. Experience 2. Wisdom than those who are younger

The elderly are seen as not having a great deal of: 1. Respect Or, 2. Status

Work is the major source of status

Age in pre-industrial societies: Elders often acquired greater status and power. Elders were regarded as having greater experience and wisdom than those who are younger. Age in contemporary societies: The elderly are seen as not having a great deal of respect or status. Work is the major source of status, so retirement can result in what?

Work is the major source of status, so retirement can result in a significant decline in: 1. Self-esteem 2. Social contact with others 3. Income

``` There is a consequent rise in: 1. Poverty 2. Loneliness 3. Depression among the elderly ```

Age in pre-industrial societies: | There was a high what rate?

There was a high infant mortality rate

Age in pre-industrial societies: There was a high infant mortality rate. Age in contemporary societies: There is a lower child mortality rate, due to what?

There is a lower child mortality rate, due to improving standards of: 1. Hygiene 2. Living 3. Healthcare

Age in contemporary societies: | There is the emergence of a what society?

There is the emergence of a 'child-centred' society

Age in contemporary societies: | There is the emergence of a 'child-centred' society, as there is increasingly what legislation?

There is the emergence of a 'child-centred' society, as there is increasingly child-centred legislation

Age in contemporary societies: There is the emergence of a 'child-centred' society, as there is increasingly child-centred legislation, for example what?

There is the emergence of a 'child-centred' society, as there is increasingly child-centred legislation, for example the 1989 Children Act

As with the concept of gender, different age groups have clear what norms and values with regards to what?

As with the concept of gender, different age groups have clear cultural: 1. Norms 2. Values with regards to identity

As with the concept of gender, different age groups have clear cultural norms and values with regards to identity. People are socialised into what?

People are socialised into: 1. Cultural norms 2. Expected behaviour for a particular age group

In our society, for example, we can identify 4 very broad cultural groupings based around age: 1. Childhood 2. Youth 3. Middle age 4. Old age

``` Each of these groups reflect certain cultural assumptions about how it is: 1. Appropriate Or, 2. Inappropriate for people of a certain age to behave ```

As with the concept of gender, different age groups have clear cultural norms and values with regards to identity. People are socialised into cultural norms and expected behaviour for a particular age group. In our society, for example, we can identify 4 very broad cultural groupings based around age - Childhood, youth, middle age and old age. Each of these groups reflect certain cultural assumptions about how it is appropriate or inappropriate for people of a certain age to behave. Many of these assumptions about behaviour are related to concepts such as what?

Many of these assumptions about behaviour are related to concepts such as lifestyle

Many of these assumptions about behaviour are related to concepts such as lifestyle and people are generally encouraged to identify themselves with different kinds of behaviour based around their biological age

What provide a distinction between children and adults?

1. Laws 2. Policies provide a distinction between children and adults

Laws and policies provide a distinction between children and adults. Therefore, what must be applied to their different what?

Therefore, different rules must be applied to their different behaviour

Words generally associated with childhood include what?

Words generally associated with childhood include: 1. Innocent 2. Naive 3. Vulnerable 4. Energetic 5. Happy

Words generally associated with youth/adolescence include what?

Words generally associated with youth/adolescence include: 1. Irresponsible 2. Deviant 3. Forgetful 4. Selfish 5. Experimental

Words generally associated with middle age include what?

Words generally associated with middle age include: 1. Mid-life crisis 2. Stressed 3. Mature 4. Organised 5. Independent

Words generally associated with middle age include mid-life crisis, stressed (because of what), mature, organised and independent?

Words generally associated with middle age include: 1. Mid-life crisis 2. Stressed (because of many responsibilities) 3. Mature 4. Organised 5. Independent

Words generally associated with old age include what?

Words generally associated with old age include: 1. Wise 2. Experienced 3. Fragile 4. Dependent 5. On benefits

Words generally associated with old age include wise, experienced, fragile, dependent (who are also dependent) and on benefits?

Words generally associated with old age include: 1. Wise 2. Experienced 3. Fragile 4. Dependent (babies are also dependent) 5. On benefits

Age is probably the only aspect of identity for which we will all experience what?

Age is probably the only aspect of identity for which we will all experience the changing effects

As children, young people, adults and eventually older people, we will all find our identity affected by how: 1. Our age makes us feel 2. Other people relate to us

The world is run by adults

Age is probably the only aspect of identity for which we will all experience the changing effects. As children, young people, adults and eventually older people, we will all find our identity affected by how our age makes us feel and how other people relate to us. The world is run by adults and it is often who whose identities are the most negatively affected by their age?

The world is run by adults and it is often: 1. Young people 2. Older people whose identities are the most negatively affected by their age

Age is probably the only aspect of identity for which we will all experience the changing effects. As children, young people, adults and eventually older people, we will all find our identity affected by how our age makes us feel and how other people relate to us. The world is run by adults and it is often young people and older people whose identities are the most negatively affected by their age, often due to what?

The world is run by adults and it is often young people and older people whose identities are the most negatively affected by their age, often due to lack of: 1. Status 2. Power

Age is sometimes looked at what?

Age is sometimes looked at chronologically

Age is sometimes looked at chronologically, as what?

Age is sometimes looked at chronologically, as your actual age

Age is sometimes looked at chronologically, as your actual age, such as what?

Age is sometimes looked at chronologically, as your actual age, such as: 1. 16 2. 17 3. 18

Age is sometimes looked at chronologically, as your actual age, such as 16, 17 and 18. Alternatively, age is often looked at as a what in the what?

Alternatively, age is often looked at as a stage in the life course

Age is sometimes looked at chronologically, as your actual age, such as 16, 17 and 18. Alternatively, age is often looked at as a stage in the life course, for example what?

Alternatively, age is often looked at as a stage in the life course, for example: 1. Childhood 2. Adulthood

The problem with looking at stages in the life course is that the ages at which they: 1. Start 2. End vary

Age is sometimes looked at chronologically, as your actual age, for example 16, 17 and 18. Alternatively, age is often looked at as a stage in the life course, for example childhood and adulthood. The problem with looking at stages in the life course is that the ages at which they start and end vary. This means that they can be seen as what?

This means that they can be seen as socially constructed

For example: 1. When does childhood end? 2. When does middle age start?

Individuals will also differ

Individuals will also differ, as: 1. Some keep their 'youth' going for longer 2. Others seem 'old before their time'

Stages in the life course - Childhood: | Cunningham looks at what?

Cunningham looks at the home habitat shrinking

Stages in the life course - Childhood: | Cunningham looks at the home habitat shrinking, where what?

Cunningham looks at the home habitat shrinking, where kids are no longer allowed to go out to play beyond their parents' eyes distance

Stages in the life course - Childhood: Cunningham looks at the home habitat shrinking, where kids are no longer allowed to go out to play beyond their parents' eyes distance. There is more of an emphasis on what?

There is more of an emphasis on 'stranger danger'

Stages in the life course - Childhood: | Childhood is socially constructed, because childhood what?

Childhood is socially constructed, because childhood doesn't exist in some cultures

In the UK, childhood is a period of vulnerability and innocence, in comparison to some LEDCs

In the UK, childhood is a period of vulnerability and innocence, in comparison to some LEDCs, where children will be: 1. Working 2. Even fighting as armed soldiers

``` In some countries, marriage may be considered at the age of: 1. 12 Or, 2. 13 ,especially for girls ```

Even in the UK, in the mid 19th century, children were working in factories during the industrial revolution

Stages in the life course - Childhood: Childhood is socially constructed, because childhood doesn't exist in some cultures. In the UK, childhood is a period of vulnerability and innocence, in comparison to some LEDCs, where children will be working and even fighting as armed soldiers. In some countries, marriage may be considered at the age of 12 or 13, especially for girls. Even in the UK, in the mid 19th century, children were working in factories during the industrial revolution. However, now laws such as what prevent underage labour?

Now laws such as the: 1. 'Factory Act' 2. 'Child Labour Act' prevent underage labour

The youngest age to work in the UK is 13 years old

The youngest age to work in the UK is 13 years old, part-time

The youngest age to work in the UK is 13 years old, part-time, as doing paper rounds

Stages in the life course - Childhood: | Today, it is argued that we have a what view with childhood in the UK?

Today, it is argued that we have a contradictory view with childhood in the UK

Stages in the life course - Childhood: Today, it is argued that we have a contradictory view with childhood in the UK. Children are either portrayed in the media as what?

Children are either portrayed in the media as little: 1. Angels and vulnerable victims Or, 2. Devils (delinquent or shocking)

There is a generally held view that children 'grow up' more quickly today than previously

This could be due to media

This could be due to media, because it enables them to copy what they see

Stages in the life course - Childhood: Today, it is argued that we have a contradictory view with childhood in the UK. Children are either portrayed in the media as little angels and vulnerable victims or as little devils (delinquent or shocking). There is a generally held view that children 'grow up' more quickly today than previously. This could be due to media, because it enables them to copy what they see - what?

This could be due to media, because it enables them to copy what they see - popular culture

Actually, until the mid 20th century, childhood lasted for a shorter time

Actually, until the mid 20th century, childhood lasted for a shorter time and people were usually: 1. Working 2. Even having families of their own before their 18th birthday

Stages in the life course - Childhood: | Who (what year) argues that childhood emerged only when the spread of literacy enables adults to do what?

Neil Postman (1982) argues that childhood emerged only when the spread of literacy enabled adults to better shield children from various aspects of adult life

Neil Postman (1982) argues that childhood emerged only when the spread of literacy enabled adults to better shield children from various aspects of adult life, particularly certain: 1. Aspects of sexuality 2. Horrors associated with death and disease

``` Stages in the life course - Childhood: Neil Postman (1982) argues that childhood emerged only when the spread of literacy enabled adults to better shield children from various aspects of adult life, particularly certain aspects of sexuality and certain horrors associated with death and disease, so the what child was created? ```

Postman suggests that the emergence and spread of: 1. The media 2. Visual culture in the 20th century has brought about a decline in childhood

Childhood is 'disappearing at a dazzling speed'

Stages in the life course - Childhood: Neil Postman (1982) argues that childhood emerged only when the spread of literacy enabled adults to better shield children from various aspects of adult life, particularly certain aspects of sexuality and certain horrors associated with death and disease, so the 'innocent' child was created. Postman suggests that the emergence and spread of the media and visual culture in the 20th century has brought about a decline in childhood. Childhood is 'disappearing at a dazzling speed.' Childhood is only possible if children are kept what from the adult world?

Childhood is only possible if children are kept: 1. Separated 2. Protected from the adult world

The: 1. Mass media 2. TV in particular has brought the adult world into the lives of children

As a result, the boundaries between the worlds of: 1. Children 2. Adults are breaking down

Stages in the life course - Youth: | Youth tends to be associated with those between the ages of what?

Youth tends to be associated with those between the ages of: 1. 12 2. 25

Stages in the life course - Youth: Youth tends to be associated with those between the ages of 12 and 25. In our culture, youth is socially constructed to describe what?

In our culture, youth is socially constructed to describe the period of transition from: 1. Childhood to 2. Adulthood

In our culture, youth is socially constructed to describe the period of transition from childhood to adulthood and is a time of: 1. Rebellion 2. Resistance

Stages in the life course - Youth: Youth tends to be associated with those between the ages of 12 and 25. In our culture, youth is socially constructed to describe the period of transition from childhood to adulthood and is a time of rebellion and resistance. However, some cultures have no concept of 'youth' as a stage in the life course. Through what, such as the one in the Hamar tribe, childhood ends one day and adulthood begins?

Through initiation ceremonies, such as the one in the Hamar tribe: 1. Childhood ends one day 2. Adulthood begins

Stages in the life course - Youth: Youth tends to be associated with those between the ages of 12 and 25. In our culture, youth is socially constructed to describe the period of transition from childhood to adulthood and is a time of rebellion and resistance. However, some cultures have no concept of 'youth' as a stage in the life course. Through initiation ceremonies, such as the one in the Hamar tribe, childhood ends one day and adulthood begins. Who (what year) also argued that the what associated with youth is culturally specific and not found in all cultures?

Margaret Mead (1928) also argued that the: 1. 'Storm 2. Stress' associated with youth is culturally specific and not found in all cultures

Stages in the life course - Youth: Youth tends to be associated with those between the ages of 12 and 25. In our culture, youth is socially constructed to describe the period of transition from childhood to adulthood and is a time of rebellion and resistance. However, some cultures have no concept of 'youth' as a stage in the life course. Through initiation ceremonies, such as the one in the Hamar tribe, childhood ends one day and adulthood begins. Margaret Mead (1928) also argued that the 'storm and stress' associated with youth is culturally specific and not found in all cultures. Youth culture is a what?

Youth culture is a subculture

Stages in the life course - Youth adulthood and middle age: Very little is said about normal 'adulthood' by researchers. Young adulthood is normally characterised by what?

Young adulthood is normally characterised by: 1. Career 2. Family

``` Most people: 1. Form relationships 2. Have children 3. Establish their careers during this time ```

Most people form relationships, have children and establish their careers during this time, often: 1. Moving into their own home 2. Becoming independent from their parents

Middle age tends to be associated with those in their: 1. 40s 2. 50s

Bradley (1996) argues that middle age has a higher status than: 1. Youth Or, 2. Old age

Bradley (1996) argues that middle age has a higher status than youth or old age, because people in this age: 1. Are running the country 2. Hold power at work

Stages in the life course - Youth adulthood and middle age: Very little is said about normal 'adulthood' by researchers. Young adulthood is normally characterised by career and family. Most people form relationships, have children and establish their careers during this time, often moving into their own home and becoming independent from their parents. Middle age tends to be associated with those in their 40s and 50s. Bradley (1996) argues that middle age has a higher status than youth or old age, because people in this age are running the country (for example who) and hold power at work?

Bradley (1996) argues that middle age has a higher status than youth or old age, because people in this age: 1. Are running the country (for example David Cameron) 2. Hold power at work

Bradley (1996) argues that middle age has a higher status than youth or old age, because people in this age: 1. Are running the country (for example David Cameron) 2. Hold power at work due to more experience

Middle age is also seen as a negative time, because: 1. 'Youth' is lost and finished 2. Old age comes closer

Middle age is sometimes associated with negative ideas, such as: 1. 'Mid-life crisis' 2. 'Empty nest syndrome'

Stages in the life course - Old age: When does old age start? Some say it starts at retirement age, but there is a lot of difference between what?

Some say it starts at retirement age, but there is a lot of difference between: 1. A 65 year old 2. An 85 year old

Stages in the life course - Old age: When does old age start? Some say it starts at retirement age, but there is a lot of difference between a 65 year old and an 85 year old. UK culture admires what?

UK culture admires: 1. Youth 2. The beauty of youthful bodies

UK culture admires youth and the beauty of youthful bodies, for example being: 1. Wrinkle-free 2. Toned

In contrast, ageing bodies represent: 1. Ugliness 2. Degeneration

Older people have been socialised into this view themselves

Older people have been socialised into this view themselves and see themselves as: 1. Ugly 2. Weak

The language used by older participants about their own identity in Corner's (1999) study was mostly negative

The language used by older participants about their own identity in Corner's (1999) study was mostly negative, reflecting that used by: 1. The media 2. Popular culture

A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs

Stages in the life course - Old age: When does old age start? Some say it starts at retirement age, but there is a lot of difference between a 65 year old and an 85 year old. UK culture admires youth and the beauty of youthful bodies, for example being wrinkle-free and toned. In contrast, ageing bodies represent ugliness and degeneration. Older people have been socialised into this view themselves and see themselves as ugly and weak. The language used by older participants about their own identity in Corner's (1999) study was mostly negative, reflecting that used by the media and popular culture. A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs, leading them to believe what?

A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs, leading them to believe that they're: 1. A burden 2. Weak

Participants described the problems of old age for society

Participants described the: 1. Problems of old age for society 2. 'Burden' of the ageing population

Participants were concerned with becoming a 'burden' themselves and the dominant stereotype they presented was of later life being a time of: 1. Ill health 2. Dependency

Changing age identities: | Postmodernists would look at trends such as what to show how age is what and becoming what today?

Postmodernists would look at trends such as: 1. Living and working for longer 2. Anti-ageing products and procedures 3. The extension of 'youth' and childhood to show how age is fluid and becoming less significant today

Changing age identities: Postmodernists would look at trends such as living and working for longer, anti-ageing products and procedures and the extension of 'youth' and childhood to show how age is fluid and becoming less significant today. Postmodernists believe that age is just what?

Postmodernists believe that age is just a number

Who (what year) argue that media images of ageing, which have been a source of what, can also do what?

Featherstone and Hepworth (2005) argue that media images of ageing, which have been a source of negative: 1. Stereotypes 2. Identities ,can also create new identities

Featherstone and Hepworth (2003): 1. Argue that media images of ageing, which have been a source of negative stereotypes and identities, can also create new identities 2. Suggest that as the population ages, more positive images may emerge

Featherstone and Hepworth (2003) argue that media images of ageing, which have been a source of negative stereotypes and identities, can also create new identities and suggest that as the population ages, more positive images may emerge, which show ageing as what?

The: 1. Popularity of 'retro' fashions 2. Comeback tours from bands from the 1970s and 1980s are also trends that help blur the boundaries of the life courses

Who (what year) say that children are seen to lack to status of what?

Hockey and James (1993) say that children are seen to lack the status of personhood

Hockey and James (1993) say that children are seen to lack the status of personhood and are what from the public, adult world?

Hockey and James (1993) say that children are seen to lack the status of personhood and are: 1. Separated 2. Excluded from the public, adult world

Hockey and James (1993) say that children are seen to lack the status of personhood and are separated and excluded from the public, adult world, largely confined to what?

Hockey and James (1993) say that children are seen to lack the status of personhood and are: 1. Separated 2. Excluded from the public, adult world, largely confined to 'specialist places' for children

Children are seen as the opposite of adults

Children are seen as the opposite of adults - 1. Dependent 2. Innocent 3. Vulnerable

Children are seen as the opposite of adults - dependent, innocent and vulnerable, and needing: 1. Care 2. Control

Hockey and James link: 1. Old age 2. Childhood

Hockey and James link: 1. Old age 2. Childhood and argue that are socially constructed in a similar way

Hockey and James link: 1. Old age 2. Childhood and argue that are socially constructed in a similar way, having lost their 'personhood' status

Terms such as 'gaga' are used

Terms such as 'gaga' are used, relating to baby noises

Hockey and James (1993) say that children are seen to lack the status of personhood and are separated and excluded from the public, adult world, largely confined to 'specialist places' for children such as schools, nurseries and the family. Children are seen as the opposite of adults - dependent, innocent and vulnerable, and needing care and control. Hockey and James link old age and childhood and argue that they are socially constructed in a similar way, having lost their 'personhood' status. Terms such as 'gaga' are used, relating to baby noises and the elderly are also seen as what?

Terms such as 'gaga' are used, relating to baby noises and the elderly are also seen as: 1. Helpless 2. Vulnerable 3. Dependent 4. Needing care

Hockey and James use the concept 'infantilisation' to describe this

In their research in a retirement home, they reported that the clients were treated like children

Hockey and James (1993): In their research in a retirement home, they reported that the clients were treated like children - They weren't allowed to keep what, but were given what?

In their research in a retirement home, they reported that the clients were treated like children - They weren't allowed to keep their own money, but were given 'pocket money'

They had their privacy taken away

They had their privacy taken away - 1. Being bathed and being dressed 2. Having to ask to be taken to the toilet

Their daily routine was decided for them

Their daily routine was decided for them and they were assumed to be: 1. Quite innocent 2. Definitely not sexually active

Such practices will create a self-fulfilling prophecy, but Hockey and James argued that in most cases it was not based on medical needs

They do argue that such an identity is possible to resist

Alternative sources of status may be used to retain some power

For example, male residents in the home exerted some power over female staff

Hockey and James (1993): In their research in a retirement home, they reported that the clients were treated like children - They weren't allowed to keep their own money, but were given 'pocket money.' They had their privacy taken away - being bathed and being dressed and having to ask to be taken to the toilet. Their daily routine was decided for them and they were assumed to be quite innocent and definitely not sexually active. Such practices will create a self-fulfilling prophecy, but Hockey and James argued that in most cases it was not based on medical needs. They do argue that such an identity is possible to resist. Alternative sources of status may be used to retain some power. For example, male residents in the home exerted some power over female staff. Also, it is possible to resist the status by doing what?

Also, it is possible to resist the status by assuming a different one

Also, it is possible to resist the status by assuming a different one, such as: 1. Children who pretend to be older to gain more status 2. Older people who act younger

Hockey and James gave accounts of residents in the home who mocked the care staff by: 1. Deliberately behaving in a childlike way Or, 2. Even poking their tongues out at the staff

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of what?

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity, arguing what?

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity, arguing that there are so many differences between individuals within each age category that the concept is meaningless

Age identity is not important for the youth, because youth culture is just a media creation (postmodernism)

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity, arguing that there are so many differences between individuals within each age category that the concept is meaningless. Age identity is not important for the youth, because: 1. Youth culture is just a media creation (postmodernism). 2. Most youths what, according to who (what year)?

``` Age identity is not important for the youth, because most youths: 1. Are conformist, conservative 2. Share their parents' values 3. Generally get on well with them ,according to Davis (1990) ```

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity, arguing that there are so many differences between individuals within each age category that the concept is meaningless. Age identity is not important for the youth, because: 1. Youth culture is just a media creation (postmodernism). 2. Most youths are conformist, conservative, share their parents' values and generally get on well with them, according to Davis (1990). 3. Young people are not a what group?

Age identity is not important for the youth, because young people are not a: 1. United 2. Easily identifiable social group

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity, arguing that there are so many differences between individuals within each age category that the concept is meaningless. Age identity is not important for the youth, because: 1. Youth culture is just a media creation (postmodernism). 2. Most youths are conformist, conservative, share their parents' values and generally get on well with them, according to Davis (1990). 3. Young people are not a united, easily identifiable social group, because they differ according to what?

Age identity is not important for the youth, because young people are not a united, easily identifiable social group, because they differ according to: 1. Class 2. Gender 3. Ethnicity

Age identity is not important for the youth, because some groups of young people: 1. Resist the norm Or, 2. Rebel against their low status

They may form youth subcultures

Age identity is important for the youth, because youth is a period that is defined by: 1. Growing up 2. Rebelling 3. Fun 4. Excitement

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity, arguing that there are so many differences between individuals within each age category that the concept is meaningless. Age identity is important for the youth, because: 1. Youth is a period that is defined by growing up, rebelling, fun and excitement. 2. Young people are all part of what and at the same what, according to who (what year)

Age identity is important for the youth, because young people are all: 1. Part of the same culture 2. At the same transitional stage in their life ,according to Abrams (1959)

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity, arguing that there are so many differences between individuals within each age category that the concept is meaningless. Age identity is important for the youth, because: 1. Youth is a period that is defined by growing up, rebelling, fun and excitement. 2. Young people are all part of the same culture and at the same transitional stage in their life, according to Abrams (1959). 3. During this age, young people are what into adulthood?

Age identity is important for the youth, because during this age, young people are: 1. Learning 2. Negotiating the path into adulthood

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity, arguing that there are so many differences between individuals within each age category that the concept is meaningless. Age identity is important for the youth, because: 1. Youth is a period that is defined by growing up, rebelling, fun and excitement. 2. Young people are all part of the same culture and at the same transitional stage in their life, according to Abrams (1959). 3. During this age, young people are learning and negotiating the path into adulthood. They are seen as needing what?

They are seen as needing protection

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity, arguing that there are so many differences between individuals within each age category that the concept is meaningless. Age identity is important for the youth, because: 1. Youth is a period that is defined by growing up, rebelling, fun and excitement. 2. Young people are all part of the same culture and at the same transitional stage in their life, according to Abrams (1959). 3. During this age, young people are learning and negotiating the path into adulthood. They are seen as needing protection and what support this?

They are seen as needing protection and laws support this

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity, arguing that there are so many differences between individuals within each age category that the concept is meaningless. Age identity is important for the youth, because: 1. Youth is a period that is defined by growing up, rebelling, fun and excitement. 2. Young people are all part of the same culture and at the same transitional stage in their life, according to Abrams (1959). 3. During this age, young people are learning and negotiating the path into adulthood. They are seen as needing protection and laws support this, for example how what?

They are seen as needing protection and laws support this, for example how the age of consent is 16 years old

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity, arguing that there are so many differences between individuals within each age category that the concept is meaningless. Age identity is important for the youth, because: 1. Youth is a period that is defined by growing up, rebelling, fun and excitement. 2. Young people are all part of the same culture and at the same transitional stage in their life, according to Abrams (1959). 3. During this age, young people are learning and negotiating the path into adulthood. They are seen as needing protection and laws support this, for example how the age of consent is 16 years old. 4. Youth is a time for experimenting with what, according to who?

Age identity is important for the youth, because youth is a time for experimenting with new: 1. Styles 2. Fashion 3. Shopping at the 'supermarket of styles' ,according to Polemus

Age identity is not important for middle-aged people, because there are: 1. Class differences 2. Gender differences in the way people identify with middle age

For example, middle aged women may be more likely to see this life phase about CHANGED compared to men, according to Bradley

Age identity is not important for middle-aged people, because individuals are identified as being middle-aged by people in younger age groups

Most children will consider their parents middle-aged simply through their status as parents

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity, arguing that there are so many differences between individuals within each age category that the concept is meaningless. Age identity is not important for middle-aged people, because: 1. There are class differences and gender differences in the way people identify with middle age. 2. Individuals are identified as being middle-aged by people in younger age groups. Most children will consider their parents middle-aged simply through their status as parents. In this sense, being middle-aged is more a what than a source of what?

In this sense, being middle-aged is more a label given by others than a source of self-identity

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity, arguing that there are so many differences between individuals within each age category that the concept is meaningless. Age identity is not important for middle-aged people, because: 1. There are class differences and gender differences in the way people identify with middle age. 2. Individuals are identified as being middle-aged by people in younger age groups. Most children will consider their parents middle-aged simply through their status as parents. In this sense, being middle-aged is more a label given by others than a source of self-identity. 3. Postmodernists point out that there is now much more what about middle-aged identity?

Age identity is not important for middle-aged people, because postmodernists point out that there is now much more choice about middle-aged identity

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity, arguing that there are so many differences between individuals within each age category that the concept is meaningless. Age identity is not important for middle-aged people, because: 1. There are class differences and gender differences in the way people identify with middle age. 2. Individuals are identified as being middle-aged by people in younger age groups. Most children will consider their parents middle-aged simply through their status as parents. In this sense, being middle-aged is more a label given by others than a source of self-identity. 3. Postmodernists point out that there is now much more choice about middle-aged identity, which is supported by who (what year)?

Age identity is not important for middle-aged people, because postmodernists point out that there is now much more choice about middle-aged identity, which is supported by Hunt (2005)

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity, arguing that there are so many differences between individuals within each age category that the concept is meaningless. Age identity is not important for middle-aged people, because: 1. There are class differences and gender differences in the way people identify with middle age. 2. Individuals are identified as being middle-aged by people in younger age groups. Most children will consider their parents middle-aged simply through their status as parents. In this sense, being middle-aged is more a label given by others than a source of self-identity. 3. Postmodernists point out that there is now much more choice about middle-aged identity, which is supported by Hunt (2005), who points out that there are what?

Age identity is not important for middle-aged people, because postmodernists point out that there is now much more choice about middle-aged identity, which is supported by Hunt (2005), who points out that there are opportunities to stay looking 'youthful' in consumer choices related to this stage of life

Age identity is important for middle-aged people, because the majority of middle-aged individuals interviewed accept the significance of: 1. Signs of bodily ageing 2. Alterations in the family structure 3. Changes in the state of career as all indicating the onset of middle age

According to Neugarten, of greatest importance is the awareness of a position bridging 2 generations - that of: 1. Parents 2. Children

Age identity is not important for people in old age, because the concept of old age is challenged by people who feel it has become a negative label

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity, arguing that there are so many differences between individuals within each age category that the concept is meaningless. Age identity is not important for people in old age, because: 1. The concept of old age is challenged by people who feel it has become a negative label, used to do what?

Age identity is not important for people in old age, because the concept of old age is challenged by people who feel it has become a negative label, used to stigmatise the elderly

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity, arguing that there are so many differences between individuals within each age category that the concept is meaningless. Age identity is not important for people in old age, because: 1. The concept of old age is challenged by people who feel it has become a negative label, used to stigmatise the elderly. 2. Many older people continue to do what?

Age identity is not important for people in old age, because many older people continue to: 1. Drive 2. Lead active social lives

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity, arguing that there are so many differences between individuals within each age category that the concept is meaningless. Age identity is not important for people in old age, because: 1. The concept of old age is challenged by people who feel it has become a negative label, used to stigmatise the elderly. 2. Many older people continue to drive, lead active social lives and seek to use their later years to do what?

Age identity is not important for people in old age, because many older people: 1. Continue to drive, lead active social lives 2. Seek to use their later years to do things they couldn't do in their youth

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity, arguing that there are so many differences between individuals within each age category that the concept is meaningless. Age identity is not important for people in old age, because: 1. The concept of old age is challenged by people who feel it has become a negative label, used to stigmatise the elderly. 2. Many older people continue to drive, lead active social lives and seek to use their later years to do things they couldn't do in their youth, for example what?

Age identity is important for people in old age, because old age is a homogenous category

Age identity is important for people in old age, because old age is: 1. A homogenous category 2. Associated with a number of cultural characteristics

Some sociologists have criticized the concept of age identity, arguing that there are so many differences between individuals within each age category that the concept is meaningless. Age identity is important for people in old age, because: 1. Old age is a homogenous category and is associated with a number of cultural characteristics, such as what, according to who (what year)?

Age identity is important for people in old age, because old age is a homogenous category and is associated with a number of cultural characteristics, such as: 1. Dependency 2. Loneliness ,according to Victor (2005)

What did Aries do?

Aries carried out research where he looked at paintings from the past

Aries carried out research where he looked at paintings from the past. Aries found what?

Aries found that you couldn't tell children apart from adults

Aries carried out research where he looked at paintings from the past. Aries found that you couldn't tell children apart from adults, only from what?

Aries found that you couldn't tell children apart from adults, only from the height difference

Aries carried out research where he looked at paintings from the past. Aries found that you couldn't tell children apart from adults, only from the height difference, which supports what?

Aries found that you couldn't tell children apart from adults, only from the height difference, which supports age identity not being important for the youth

Aries has been criticised for arguing that children didnt exist in the past

Linda Pollock (1985) argues that society simply had a different notion of childhood

This shows that childhood is socially constructed

Aries carried out research where he looked at paintings from the past. Aries found that you couldn't tell children apart from adults, only from the height difference, which supports age identity not being important for the youth. AO3 evaluation of Aries: Aries has been criticised for arguing that children didn't exist in the past. Linda Pollock (1985) argues that society simply had a different notion of childhood. This shows that childhood is socially constructed. Aries often overlooks what and romanticizes what?

Aries often: 1. Overlooks the conflicts and inequalities of the past 2. Romanticizes medieval life

Children are under a great deal of pressure

Children are under a great deal of pressure (for example exam pressure)

Aries' use of methods as paintings and diaries is: 1. Questionable 2. Not that accurate

Is childhood disappearing? No: 1. Who (what year) argues that childhood has not disappeared?

Lee (2000) argues that childhood has not disappeared

Is childhood disappearing? No: 1. Lee (2000) argues that childhood has not disappeared. It is just more what?

It is just more complex

Is childhood disappearing? No: 1. Lee (2000) argues that childhood has not disappeared. It is just more complex, because what?

It is just more complex, because children have more: 1. Choices 2. Independence

Is childhood disappearing? No: 1. Lee (2000) argues that childhood has not disappeared. It is just more complex, because children have more choices and independence, despite being what?

It is just more complex, because children have more: 1. Choices 2. Independence ,despite being financially dependent on their parents

Iona Opie (1993) argues that children: 1. Can 2. Do create their own independent culture

Iona Opie (1993) argues that children: 1. Can 2. Do create their own independent culture separate from that of adults

Is childhood disappearing? No: 1. Lee (2000) argues that childhood has not disappeared. It is just more complex, because children have more choices and independence, despite being financially dependent on their parents. 2. Iona Opie (1993) argues that children can and do create their own independent culture separate from that of adults. 3. What still makes children's culture separate to adults? There are own children's what?

There are own children's TV: 1. Channels 2. Shows

There are own children's TV: 1. Channels 2. Shows ,for example Disney Kids

There are also kids': 1. Menus in restaurants 2. Netflix 3. Snapchat

What does Walby talk about?

Walby talks about intersectionality

Walby talks about intersectionality. | What is this?

Intersectionality is the idea that it's a combination of different aspects of your identity working together to affect your: 1. Identity 2. Experiences 3. Childhood

Walby talks about intersectionality. Intersectionality is the idea that it's a combination of different aspects of your identity working together to affect your identity, your experiences and your childhood. What are all interlinked?

CAGE are all interlinked