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Biology > 1.3. Biological molecules (2) - Key words > Flashcards

1.3. Biological molecules (2) - Key words Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleotides

A

Molecules with 3 parts - pentose sugar, nitrogen-containing base and a phosphate group joined by condensation reaction

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2
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

Nucleotide that acts as the universal energy supply molecule in cells. It’s made up of the base adenine, ribose and 3 phosphate groups

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3
Q

Purine base

A

Base found in nucleotides that has 2 nitrogen-containing rings

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4
Q

Pyrimidine base

A

Base found in nucleotides that has one nitrogen-containing ring

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5
Q

Adenine

A

Purine base found in DNA + RNA

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6
Q

Guanine

A

Purine base found in DNA + RNA

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7
Q

Cytosine

A

Pyrimidine base found in DNA + RNA

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8
Q

Thymine

A

Pyrimidine base found in DNA

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9
Q

Uracil

A

Pyrimidine base found in RNA

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10
Q

ATPase

A

Enzyme that catalyses the formation and breakdown of ATP

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11
Q

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

A

Nucleotide formed when ATP loses a phosphate group and provides energy to drive reactions in the cell

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12
Q

Redox reaction

A

Reactions in which one reactant loses e- (oxidation) and another gains e- (reduction)

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13
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Polymer made up of many nucleotide monomer units that carry all the information needed to form new cells

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14
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

Bond formed between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next nucleotide in a condensation reaction

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15
Q

Genome

A

Entire genetic material of an organism

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16
Q

DNA helicase

A

Enzyme involved in DNA replication that unzips the two strands of the DNA molecule

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17
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Enzyme involved in DNA replication that lines up and catalyses the linking up the nucleotides along the template strand

18
Q

DNA ligase

A

Enzyme involved in DNA replication that catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds between the two strands of DNA

19
Q

Translation

A

Process by which proteins are produced, via RNA, using the genetic code found in the DNA. Takes place on the ribosomes

20
Q

Ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis in the cell

21
Q

Triplet code

A

Code of 3 bases, and is the basis of the genetic info in the DNA

22
Q

Gene

A

Sequence of bases on a DNA molecule. It contains coding for a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain that affect a characteristic in the phenotype of the organism

23
Q

Codon

A

Sequence of 3 bases in DNA or mRNA

24
Q

Complementary strand

A

Strand of RNA formed that complements the DNA acting as the coding strand

25
Q

mRNA

A

RNA formed in the nucleus that carries the genetic code out into the cytoplasm

26
Q

Antisense strand

A

Template strand

DNA strand that codes for proteins

27
Q

DNA-directed RNA polymerase

RNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that polymerises nucleotide units to form RNA in a sequence determined by the antisense strand of DNA

28
Q

tRNA

A

Small units of RNA that pick up particular amino acids from the cytoplasm and transport them to the surface of the ribosome to align with the mRNA

29
Q

Anticodon

A

Sequence of 3 bases on tRNA that are complementary bases in the mRNA codon

30
Q

rRNA

A

RNA that makes up about 50% of the structure of the ribosome

31
Q

Polysomes

A

Groups of ribosomes, joined by a thread of mRNA, that can produce large quantities of a particular protein

32
Q

Sense strand

A

Has the same base sequence as the mRNA transcribed from the antisense strand

33
Q

Mutation

A

Permanent change in the DNA of an organism

34
Q

Gametes

A

Haploid cells produces by meiosis that fuse to form a new diploid cell in sexual reproduction

35
Q

Point (gene) mutation

A

Change in one or a small number of nucleotides affecting a single gene

36
Q

Substitution

A

Type of point mutation in which one base in a gene is substituted for another

37
Q

Deletion

A

Type of point mutation in which one base in a gene is deleted

38
Q

Insertion

A

Type of point mutation in which one base in a gene is added

39
Q

Chromosomal mutation

A

Changes in the position of entire genes within a chromosome

40
Q

Whole-chromosome mutation

A

Loss or duplication of a whole chromosome

41
Q

Sickle cell disease

A

Human genetic disease affecting the protein chains making up the haemoglobin in the red blood cells

42
Q

Mutagen

A

Anything that increases the rate of a mutation

Biology (6 decks)

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