13. Intro to AS Level Organic Chem Flashcards
(30 cards)
What is a hydrocarbon?
A compound made up of carbon and hydrogen only.
What are alkanes?
Simple, saturated hydrocarbons with no functional group.
General formula CnH2n+2
What is a functional group?
A group of atoms which dictates a compound’s physical and chemical properties.
What is a saturated compound?
Contains the max amount of hydrogen atoms possible (single bonds only).
What is an unsaturated compound?
Contains a carbon-carbon double or triple bond.
What is homolytic fission?
The splitting of a covalent bond where each atoms retains one electron from the bonding pair.
What is heterolytic fission?
The splitting of a covalent bond where one atom retains both electrons from the bonding pair.
What is a free radical?
An uncharged molecule with an unpaired electron.
What is initiation?
An initial chemical reaction which triggers further reactions.
What is propagation?
A secondary reaction where there is no net gain or loss of free radicals.
What is termination?
The final step in a chain reaction where a reactive intermediate is rendered inactive.
What is a nucleophile?
A molecule or substance that donates electrons.
What is an electrophile?
A molecule or substance that acts as an electron pair acceptor.
What is an addition reaction?
A reaction where two or more molecules react to form a larger molecule.
What is a substitution reaction?
A reaction where an atom or group is replaced by another atom or group.
What is an elimination reaction?
A reaction in which two substituents are removed from a molecule in a mechanism with one or two steps.
What is hydrolysis?
The splitting up of a compound or molecule using water.
What is a condensation reaction?
The formation of a compound with the release of water.
What is oxidation?
The loss of electrons.
What is reduction?
The gain of electrons.
What are the 3 main shapes of organic molecules?
Straight-chained, branched and cyclic.
How are molecules with hybridised sp orbitals shaped?
One s orbital and one p orbital hybridise to form 2 sp orbitals
They repel to give a liner shape with a 180° bond angle
How are molecules with hybridised sp2 orbitals shaped?
One s orbital and two p orbitals hybridise to form 3 equivalent sp2 orbitals
They all repel each other to give a trigonal planar arrangement with a bond angle of 120°
The unchanged 2p orbital lies perpendicular
eg ethene
How are molecules with hybridised sp3 orbitals shaped?
One s orbital and three p orbitals hybridise to form 4 equivalent sp3 orbitals
They all repel each other to give a tetrahedral arrangement with a bond angle of 109.5°
eg ethene
