13: Limbic System; Cerebral Cortex Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
What are the key functions carried out by the limbic system?
A
- memory
- learning
- reward circuit
- emotional expression
2
Q
What are the roles of subcortical versus cortical circuits with respect to the processing of emotions?
A
Subcortical: Receive input
Cortical: Respond to input (e.g., form memories, expression)
3
Q
What is the difference between declarative and non-declarative memory?
A
Declarative: explicit memory; facts and events that can be recalled; memories that spans days, months, years
Non-declarative: implicit or procedural memory; cannot consciously be recalled (e.g. explain to someone how to ride a bike)
4
Q
What structure/s is important for declarative memory?
A
Hippocampus
5
Q
What happens as a result of long-term potentiation?
A
Long-term memories are stored in the cortex
6
Q
What are the key functions attributed to the amygdaloidal complex?
A
Basolateral nuclei: Attaching emotional significance to stimuli
Corticomedial group: regulates visceral responses to emotional stimuli and plays a role in our affective responses to food
7
Q
What areas of the brain are considered part of the reward circuitry?
A
VTA, VS, nucleus acumbens, amygdala, hippocampus, PFC
8
Q
How does “hijacking” of the reward circuitry contribute to substance use disorders?
A
DAT transporters are inhibited from reuptake; dopamine lingers in the synapse and post-synaptic cells become noxiously hyperactive causing feelings of euphoria
9
Q
When you are studying for a neuroscience exam, what kind of memories are you forming?
A
Short-term memory: using working memory to hold and manipulate information while studying
Long-tem declarative memories(hope to create): memories of facts and events that can be consciously recalled.
Semantic: knowledge of facts that have been learned that is typically independent of personal experience.
Episodic: if you recall that you were studying in the library of HSC with your study group the weekend
before and then you all went out for a bite to eat afterward.
10
Q
What structure/s is important for non-declarative memory?
A
Basal nuclei and cerebellum
11
Q
What structure/s is important for short-term memory?
A
Prefrontal cortex
12
Q
What structure/s is important for emotional association?
A
Amygdala
13
Q
The PFC, orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, septal nuclei, ventral striatum, ventral pallidum, hypothalamic nuclei, ventral tegmental area, and thalamic and habenular nuclei are a part of which level of the limbic system?
A. First level
B. Second level
C. Third level
D. Fourth level
A
B
14
Q
The subcallosal area, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, uncus, and hippocampal formation are a part of which level of the limbic system?
A. First level
B. Second level
C. Third level
D. Fourth level
A
A
15
Q
This level of the limbic system connect the neocortex and hypothalamus forming a functional link between endocrine, visceral, emotional, and voluntary responses to the environment.
A
Second level
16
Q
This level of the limbic system participates in complex behaviors such as memory and learning.
A
First level
17
Q
What is the difference between memory and learning?
A
Memory: Acquisition of knowledge
Learning: Retention of learned information; ability to retain information over time (encoding, consolidation and storage, retrieval)
18
Q
This part of the brain plays a major role in the mediation of learning and declarative memory formation.
A. Subiculum
B. Dentate gyrus
C. Hippocampal formation
D. Basal nuclei
A
C
19
Q
This is a part of the hippocampal formation that is the “transition zone” of the cortex; it is continuous with the hippocampus on one side and para-hippocampal gyrus on the other side.
A. Dentate gyrus
B. Subiculum
C. Hippocampus proper
A
B
20
Q
This part of the hippocampal formation consists of gray matter and a thin sheet of white matter which are axons of the cell bodies of the two other aspects of the hippocampal formation.
A. Dentate gyrus
B. Subiculum
C. Hippocampus proper
A
C
21
Q
This is an area of gray matter in the hippocampal formation that lies between the fimbria and parahippocampal gyrus.
A. Dentate gyrus
B. Subiculum
C. Hippocampus proper
A
A
22
Q
True or false: The hippocampus proper and subiculum are composed of 3 layers: the external (molecular) layer, middle (granule/dentate gyrus) layer, and inner (polymorphic) layer.
A
False
It is the hippocampus proper and dentate gyrus that are composed of these three layers.
23
Q
The perforant pathway of the hippocampal formation is an ________ pathway receiving a majority of its input from the parahippocampal gyrus.
A
Afferent
24
Q
The efferent pathway of the hippocampal formation originates predominantly from the __________ and partly from the _________.
A
Subiculum
hippocampus proper
25
The major efferent pathway of the hippocampal formation is the ____________.
**Fornix**
* Subiculum -->PROJECT--> post-commissural fornix -->TERMINATE--> medial mammillary nucleus
* hippocampus proper -->PROJECT--> pre-commissural fornix -->TERMINATE --> septal nuclei, medial frontal cortex, preoptic and anterior hypothalamic nuclei, and nucleus acumbens
26
In long-term potentiation, a **low-frequency stimulus** causes glutamate to be released from the presynaptic cell.
Glutamate binds with both NMDA & AMPA (glutamate receptors) receptor types.
This activates the AMPA receptor but is *insufficient* to activate NMDA.
What else would need to happen?
Voltage change
27
In long-term potentiation, excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs; a **high-frequency stimulus**) are spatially & temporally summed causing significant depolarization of the post-synaptic cell membrane.
This results in the removal of Mg++, activating the NMDA receptor on the post-synaptic neuron.
The influx of CA++ causes a cascade of intracellular events (i.e. causes biochemical changes that trigger long-term changes) that strengthen synaptic connections.
**What is the result of this event?**
Memory formation
28
The progressive loss of declarative memory with poor recall of recent events and difficulty with new learning is a characteristic of ___________ of Alzheimer's
Early disease process
29
The loss of long-term memory and behavioral changes later in the disease process while non-declarative memory is relatively spared is characteristic of ___________ of Alzheimer's
Late disease process
30
"Neuronal loss in the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus" is the etiology of which clinical diagnosis?
A. Korsakoff psychosis (alcoholic dementia)
B. Alzheimer's
C. Temporal lobe epilepsy
D. Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
B
31
"Neuronal loss in the mammillary region of the hypothalamus and hippocampus" is the etiology of which clinical diagnosis?
A. Korsakoff psychosis (alcoholic dementia)
B. Alzheimer's
C. Temporal lobe epilepsy
D. Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
A
32
"Recurrent seizure activity of the hippocampus resulting in progressive memory impairment and changes in emotional behavior" is the etiology of which clinical diagnosis?
A. Korsakoff psychosis (alcoholic dementia)
B. Alzheimer's
C. Temporal lobe epilepsy
D. Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
C
33
"Bilateral temporal lobe lesions abolishing the amygdala and adjacent structures causing agnosia, hyperality, hypermetamorphosis, placidity, hyperphagia, hypersexuality, amnesia, dementia, and aphasia" is the etiology of which clinical diagnosis?
A. Korsakoff psychosis (alcoholic dementia)
B. Alzheimer's
C. Temporal lobe epilepsy
D. Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
D
34
Which theorists proposed that emotions occur as the direct result of a physiological reaction to an external stimulus or event?
A. Cannon and Bard
B. James and Lange
C. Schachter and Singer
B
35
Which theorists proposed that emotions are a product of both physiological and cognitive processes?
A. Cannon and Bard
B. James and Lange
C. Schachter and Singer
C
36
Which theorists proposed that links between brain regions cause emotional experiences and physiological reactions?
A. Cannon and Bard
B. James and Lange
C. Schachter and Singer
A
37
What is the significance behind the neuroanatomical substrate for emotion (Papez Circuit)?
**A neural circuit for the control of emotional expression**; it is a circuit connecting the hypothalamus to the limbic lobe and was the basis for emotional experiences.
Remember MATCH:
Mammillary body
Anterior Thalamic nuclei
Cingulate gyrus
Hippocampus
38
True or false: The Higher-order Theory of Emotional Consciousness recognizes the importance of both physiological and cognitive processes in emotions and suggests that parallel-distributed processing in subcortical and cortical circuits gives rise to emotions.
True
39
What are the "3 psychological needs"?
Competence
Autonomy
Relatedness
40
How do the 3 psychological needs relate to neuroscience?
**Intrinsic motivation increases positive affect, cognitive flexibility, and creativity, which are supported by the dopamine system.**
* Value-coding dopaminergic neurons are stimulated by reward and inhibited by punishment.
* Salience-coding dopaminergic neurons are activated due to curiosity and interest.
* Intrinsic motivation improves learning outcomes by stimulating the dopamine system.
41
Which part of the brain activates the ventral striatum during rewarding decisions and suppresses fear response from the amygdala?
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)
42
Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of the limbic system has been implicated in many disorders. What are 3 examples?
* Substance use disorder
* OCD
* Schizophrenia
* General Anxiety Disorder
* Major Depression
43
What are diffuse modulatory systems?
Collections of neurons that make widely dispersed and diffuse connections throughout the brain; release the same neurotransmitter
44
Why are diffuse modulatory systems important to the overall function of the brain?
Impact motor control, memory, mood, motivation, & metabolic state
45
Which diffuse modulatory system is implicated in the regulation of sleep-wake cycles, learning, memory, attention, arousal, anxiety, pain, mood, and brain metabolism?
A. Serotonergic raphe nuclei
B. Cholinergic basal forebrain/brainstem complexes
C. Noradrenergic locus coeruleus
D. Dopaminergic substantia nigra/VTA
C
46
Which diffuse modulatory system is implicated in regulating general brain excitability during sleep-wake cycles and playing a role in learning and memory formation?
A. Serotonergic raphe nuclei
B. Cholinergic basal forebrain/brainstem complexes
C. Noradrenergic locus coeruleus
D. Dopaminergic substantia nigra/VTA
B
47
Which diffuse modulatory system is implicated in the control of sleep-wake cycles, pain modulation, mood, and emotional behaviors?
A. Serotonergic raphe nuclei
B. Cholinergic basal forebrain/brainstem complexes
C. Noradrenergic locus coeruleus
D. Dopaminergic substantia nigra/VTA
A
48
Which diffuse modulatory system is implicated in the facilitation and initiation of movements in response to environmental stimuli (learning of habits/skills producing rewards) and reinforcing adaptive behaviors?
A. Serotonergic raphe nuclei
B. Cholinergic basal forebrain/brainstem complexes
C. Noradrenergic locus coeruleus
D. Dopaminergic substantia nigra/VTA
D
49
What part of the brain is known as "the seat of intelligence"?
Cerebral cortex
50
What is the cerebral cortex responsible for?
Basic sensorimotor processing
Visual processing
Auditory processing
Cognition
51
What is functional cognition?
* Attention
* Memory
* Executive functioning (planning, problem-solving, self-monitoring, self-awareness, meta-cognition)
* Comprehension of language
* Formation of speech
* Calculation abilities
* Visual perception
* Praxis (planning and performance of tasks)
Remember:
a**P**raxia: unable to **P**erform tasks or movements when asked
**AT**axia: unable to coordin**AT**e voluntary movements
52
This lobe of the cerebral cortex contains the primary motor cortex, premotor and supplemental motor area, frontal eye field, Broca's area (speech), and prefrontal and orbitofrontal areas. Select all that apply.
A. Frontal lobe
B. Parietal lobe
C. Temporal lobe
D. Occipital lobe
E. Limbic lobe
A
53
This lobe of the cerebral cortex contains the primary auditory cortex, primary visual cortex, visual and auditory association areas, Wernicke's area, and ventral ("what" and "who”) stream of vision. Select all that apply.
A. Frontal lobe
B. Parietal lobe
C. Temporal lobe
D. Occipital lobe
E. Limbic lobe
C and D
54
This lobe of the cerebral cortex contains the amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, mammillary bodies and connections to the PFC. Select all that apply.
A. Frontal lobe
B. Parietal lobe
C. Temporal lobe
D. Occipital lobe
E. Limbic lobe
E
55
This lobe of the cerebral cortex contains the primary somatosensory cortex, visuospatial functions, somatosensory association, dorsal stream of vision ("where" and "how"), and angular and supramarginal gyri. Select all that apply.
A. Frontal lobe
B. Parietal lobe
C. Temporal lobe
D. Occipital lobe
E. Limbic lobe
**B**
**visuospatial**: posterior parietal cortex
**somatosensory association**: superior parietal cortex
**angular and supramarginal gyri**: inferior parietal cortex
56
Which part of the brain is "big picture"?
Right hemisphere
57
Which part of the brain is "detail-oriented"?
Left hemisphere
58
True or false: Motor and sensory functions pertaining to one side of the body are controlled by the opposite hemisphere.
True
59
True or false: Information from one visual field is processed by the same hemisphere.
**False**
Opposite hemisphere; motor and sensory functions are processed by opposite hemisphere
60
What areas of the brain control motor functions?
Primary motor cortex
Supplementary motor area
Premotor cortex
61
What areas of the brain control primary sensory functions?
Primary somatosensory cortex
Primary visual cortex
Primary auditory cortex
62
What are unimodal association areas?
Areas adjacent and related to primary areas
63
What are multimodal association areas?
Large areas of cortex that receive information from several different sensory modalities to create a more complete understanding of ourselves and our environment
64
The **Primary Motor Cortex** is localized to the __________ of the Frontal Lobe.
It (sends / receives) _________ (input / output) to the (ipsilateral / contralateral / bilateral) side of the body via the ______________ tract/s.
Lesions of this area result in _____________ (ipsilaterally / contralaterally / bilaterally).
The **Primary Motor Cortex** is localized to the **precentral and anterior paracentral gyri** of the Frontal Lobe.
It **sends motor output** to the **contralateral** side of the body via the **corticospinal and corticonuclear** tract/s.
Lesions of this area result in **upper motor neuron signs contralaterally**.
65
The **Primary Somatosensory Cortex** is localized to the __________ of the Parietal Lobe.
It (sends / receives) _________ (input / output) to the (ipsilateral / contralateral / bilateral) side of the body via the ______________ tract/s.
Lesions of this area result in _____________ (ipsilaterally / contralaterally / bilaterally)
The **Primary Somatosensory Cortex** is localized to the **postcentral and posterior paracentral gyri** of the Parietal Lobe.
It **receives sensory input** from the **contralateral** side of the body via the **PCMLS and ALS** tract/s.
Lesions of this area result in **decreased awareness of sensory stimuli and/or poor localization of sensory stimuli contralaterally**.
66
The **Primary Visual Cortex** is localized to the __________ of the Calcarine Sulcus in the Medial Occipital Lobe.
It (sends / receives) _________ (input / output) to the (ipsilateral / contralateral / bilateral) visual field.
Lesions of this area result in _____________ (ipsilaterally / contralaterally / bilaterally
The **Primary Visual Cortex** is localized to the **Upper and Lower Banks** of the Calcarine Sulcus in the Medial Occipital Lobe.
It **receives visual input** from the **contralateral** visual field.
Lesions of this area result in **visual field deficits contralaterally** (depending on exact location of lesion!!!)
67
The **Primary Auditory Cortex** is localized to the __________ of the Lateral Sulcus.
It (sends / receives) _________ (input / output) to the (ipsilateral / contralateral / bilateral) ear/s.
Lesions of this area result in _____________ (ipsilaterally / contralaterally / bilaterally)
The **Primary Auditory Cortex** is localized to the **transverse temporal gyri** of the Lateral Sulcus.
It **receives auditory input** from the **bilateral** ear/s.
Lesions of this area result in **decreased perception of sound but not a complete loss of hearing limited to one side or the other**.
68
What is the first step of higher cortical function? What does it start with?
Arousal/alertness and Attention
Reticular activation system
69
"Goal-directed focus of attention with the ability to ignore irrelevant stimuli" describes which type of attention?
A. Attentional capture
B. Selective attention
C. Sustained attention
D. Divided attention
E. Alternating attention/task switching
B
70
"Ability to perform two or more tasks at the same time, or process two or more sources of information at the same time" describes which type of attention?
A. Attentional capture
B. Selective attention
C. Sustained attention
D. Divided attention
E. Alternating attention/task switching
D
71
"Automatic or reflexive orienting to a stimulus" describes which type of attention?
A. Attentional capture
B. Selective attention
C. Sustained attention
D. Divided attention
E. Alternating attention/task switching
A
72
"Ability to maintain vigilance over time" describes which type of attention?
A. Attentional capture
B. Selective attention
C. Sustained attention
D. Divided attention
E. Alternating attention/task switching
C
73
"Rapidly switching between different skills/tasks/cognitive sets" describes which type of attention?
A. Attentional capture
B. Selective attention
C. Sustained attention
D. Divided attention
E. Alternating attention
E
74
The disturbance in the understanding of the formulation of language not due to hearing/vision/motor impairments is called:
A. Aphagia
B. Apraxia
C. Agraphia
D. Aphasia
D
75
True or false: Language is a function of unimodal sensory and motor processing areas.
**False**
Multimodal, including speaking, reading, writing
76
True or false: In brain hemisphere lesions impacting language, approximately 95 percent have left hemisphere involvement.
True
77
True or false: If you have fluent aphasia, you can still produce speech, but the meaning is impaired.
**True**
Also known as **Wernicke's Aphasia** or **Receptive Aphasia**
MCA may be impacted
78
True or false: If you have non-fluent aphasia, you can cannot produce speech, and the meaning is impaired.
**False**
Difficulty communicating orally and with written words, but comprehension IS intact; also known as **Broca's Aphasia** or **Expressive Aphasia**
MCA may be impacted
79
Which type of aphasia is characterized by disruption of the arcuate fasciculus and manifests with fluent aphasia?
A. Broca's aphasia
B. Wernicke's aphasia
C. Conduction aphasia
D. Global aphasia
C
80
Which type of aphasia is characterized by occlusion of the internal carotid artery and loss of virtually all language?
A. Broca's aphasia
B. Wernicke's aphasia
C. Conduction aphasia
D. Global aphasia
D
81
Ideomotor and ideational are two forms of...
Apraxia
82
The impaired motor performance in response to a verbal cue despite intact sensory/motor/language is known as...
Ideomotor apraxia
83
The inability to coordinate activities with multiple, sequential steps or movements is known as...
Ideational apraxia
84
The inability to know, name identify or extract meaning from visual, auditory, or tactile information is called...
**Agnosia**
NOS = "know"
A = "no" or "without"
IA = "pertaining to"
pertaining to without knowing
85
The inability to visually recognize objects, although sensory function is generally normal is called...
Visual agnosia
86
The inability to correctly perceive or comprehend social-emotional information conveyed by voice, gesture, or facial expression is called...
Social-emotional agnosia
87
The inability to recognize faces is called...
Prosopagnosia
88
True or false: The mirror neuron system plays a role in empathy.
True
89
What is simulation theory?
Related to the mirror neuron system; allows us to understand the actions performed by another person and to predict the consequences of their actions by using mental simulation
90
Dysfunctions in the mirror neuron system have been implicated in which two disorders?
Autism and schizophrenia
91
What is the theory of mind?
* How we develop theories about other people's minds
* Our cognitive capability to consider the wants, needs, knowledge and mental states of others
92
This network "identifies the most relevant stimuli in order to guide attention and behavior for adaptive purposes – important for 'switching' between the other two networks."
A. Default mode network
B. Salience network
C. Central executive network
B
93
This network is known for "cognitive processing, reasoning, task flexibility and decision making."
A. Default mode network
B. Salience network
C. Central executive network
C
94
This network activates when not performing a task.
A. Default mode network
B. Salience network
C. Central executive network
A
95
Which artery serves the medial aspects of the hemispheres of the brain?
A. anterior cerebral
B. middle cerebral
C. posterior cerebral
A
96
Which artery serves the inferior temporal lobe of the brain?
A. anterior cerebral
B. middle cerebral
C. posterior cerebral
C
97
Which artery serves the lateral hemispheres of the brain?
A. anterior cerebral
B. middle cerebral
C. posterior cerebral
B
98
Which artery serves the medial occipital lobe of the brain?
A. anterior cerebral
B. middle cerebral
C. posterior cerebral
C
99
Which artery serves the hippocampus and fornix of the brain?
A. anterior cerebral
B. middle cerebral
C. posterior cerebral
C
100
Which artery serves the majority of the motor cortices of the brain?
A. anterior cerebral
B. middle cerebral
C. posterior cerebral
A
101
Which artery serves the CST, frontal eye fields, and speech areas of the brain?
A. anterior cerebral
B. middle cerebral
C. posterior cerebral
B
102
* Contralateral hemiplegia
* contralateral somatosensory loss
* contralateral homonymous hemianopia
* head and eye deviation toward the side of the lesion (acutely),
* *Right hemisphere lesion*: denial, neglect, disturbed spatial perception, & emotional flatness possible.
* *Left hemisphere lesion*: global aphasia.
**Based on the above, in what artery did the stroke occur?**
**Middle cerebral artery** (MCA), main stem
103
* Contralateral hemiparesis of face and UE
* contralateral somatosensory loss impacting face and UE possible
* head and eye deviation toward the side of the lesion (acutely),
* *Right hemisphere lesion*: neglect, disturbed spatial perception
* *Left hemisphere lesion*: Broca's aphasia.
**Based on the above, in what artery did the stroke occur?**
**Middle cerebral artery** (MCA), superior cortical branch
104
* Mild weakness in the face and arm
* contralateral somatosensory loss possible
* contralateral superior quadrantanopia
* *Right hemisphere lesion*: denial, neglect, disturbed spatial perception, & emotional flatness possible.
* *Left hemisphere lesion*: Wericke's aphasia.
**Based on the above, in what artery did the stroke occur?**
**Middle cerebral artery** (MCA), inferior cortical branch
105
* Contralateral hemiparesis in LE
* contralateral somatosensory loss in LE
* frontal lobe behavioral abnormalities
**Based on the above, in what artery did the stroke occur?**
Anterior cerebral artery
106
* Weakness of the proximal limb girdles of the arm, leg, or both
**Based on the above, in what artery did the stroke occur?**
Anterior cerebral artery-**middle cerebral artery** cortical border zone
107
* inability to form new semantic or episodic memories; cortical blindness.
**Based on the above, in what artery did the stroke occur?**
Bilateral cortical branches of the **posterior cerebral artery**
108
* contralateral homonymous hemianopia.
**A stroke in what artery would produce the above symptom?**
Unilateral cortical branches of the **posterior cerebral artery**
109
* may produce loss of all somatic sensation in the contralateral face and body – this initial hemianesthesia may later develop into thalamic pain syndrome.
**Based on the above, in what artery did the stroke occur?**
Penetrating branch (of **posterior cerebral artery**) supplying thalamus
110
____________ strokes are a consequence of a blockage of blood flow to a single small deep penetrating vessel supplying the subcortical white matter region, basal ganglia, internal capsule, corona radiata, thalamus, or paramedian pons.
Lacunar (strokes)
111
The most common lacunar stroke is the Pure Motor Hemiparesis lacunar stroke and involves the ____(structure)_____ and presents as contralateral hemiparesis.
internal capsule
112
The Sensory-Motor lacunar stroke involves the ____(structure)_____ and ____(structure)_____ and presents as contralateral motor and sensory loss.
thalamus
posterior limb of the internal capsule
113
The Pure Sensory lacunar stroke involves the ____(structures)_____ (3 options!!) and presents as contralateral sensory loss.
VPL nucleus of the thalamus
Corona radiata
Internal capsule
114
The Ataxic hemiparesis lacunar stroke involves the ____(structures)_____ (3 options!!) and presents as a combination of cerebellar and motor symptoms, including weakness and clumsiness, on the ipsilateral side of the body (leg or arm).
Corona radiata
Internal capsule
Pons
115
Label the areas below as **A) Cortical** or **B) Subcortical**.
___ Hypothalamus
___ Basolateral nuclei
___ Hippocampus
___ Corticomedial group
___ Prefrontal cortex
___ Association areas
___ Amygdala
**A** Hypothalamus
**B** Basolateral nuclei
**A** Hippocampus
**B** Corticomedial group
**A** Prefrontal cortex
**A** Association areas
**A** Amygdala
116
Match each of the following to the correct area.
A. Hippocampus
B. Hypothalamus
C. Basolateral nuclei
D. Corticomedial group
E. Prefrontal cortex & Association areas
F. Amygdala
1. _____: receives somatosensory, visual, and visceral info (attaches emotional significance to stimulus).
2. _____: receives olfactory, hypothalamic, thalamic, and visceral input (visceral emotional responses; affective responses to food)
3. _____: Memory formation
4. _____: Emotional expression
5. _____: body expression and physiological responses
6. _____: conscious experience of emotions; modulation of behavior; gating of non-motor programs related to affective processing and habit formation
1. **C, Basolateral nuclei**: receives somatosensory, visual, and visceral info (attaches emotional significance to stimulus).
2. **D, Corticomedial group**: receives olfactory, hypothalamic, thalamic, and visceral input (visceral emotional responses; affective responses to food)
3. **A, Hippocampus**: Memory formation
4. **F, Amygdala**: Emotional expression
5. **B, Hypothalamus**: body expression and physiological responses
6. **E, PFC & Association areas**: conscious experience of emotions; modulation of behavior; gating of non-motor programs related to affective processing and habit formation
117
Facts and events that can be recalled are known as what kind of memory?
A. Nondeclarative memory
B. Declarative memory
C. Episodic memroy
D. Associative memory
B
118
Knowledge and facts independent of experience are known as what kind of memory?
A. Episodic memory
B. Associative memory
C. Motor memory
D. Semantic memory
D
119
Episodic and semantic memory are two types of __________ memory.
Declarative memory.
120
Match the following areas of the brain to the type of memory:
A. Basal nuclei and cerebellum
B. Hippocampus
C. Amygdala
D. Prefrontal cortex
____ Short-term memory
____ Declarative memory
____ Non-Declarative memory
____ Emotional Association
**D** Short-term memory
**B** Declarative memory
**A** Non-Declarative memory
**C** Emotional Association
121
"Collections of neurons that make widely dispersed and diffuse connections throughout the brain; release the same neurotransmitter" are known as...
Diffuse modulatory systems
122
True or false: The MCA supplies the hippocampal formation and the fornix.
**False**
PCA (posterior cerebral artery)
123
Mark YES or NO next the following if it **would be expected in a left ACA stroke**.
1. right UE weakness/hemiparesis
2. left LE weakness/hemiparesis
3. right LE sensory loss
4. slurred speech
5. behavioral problems
1. No
2. No **would be RIGHT hemiparesis!**
3. Yes
4. No
5. Yes
124
Mark YES or NO next the following if it **would be expected in an ACA-MCA cortical border zone stroke**.
1. weakness of the proximal limbs
2. weakness of the distal limbs
3. loss of sensation of the UE
4. loss of sensation in the UE and LE
5. behavioral abnormalities
1. Yes (**specifically girdles; could be arm or leg**)
2. No
3. No
4. No
5. No
125
Mark YES or NO next the following if it **would be expected in a right MCA (main stem) stroke**.
1. Left hemiplegia
2. Right somatosensory loss
3. Left homonymous hemianopsia
4. right neglect
5. Impaired spatial perception
1. Yes
2. No (**would be LEFT**)
3. Yes
4. No (**would be LEFT**)
5. Yes
**REMEMBER:** Deficits would be **CONTRALATERAL**!!!!!!
NOTE: **If this were to occur on the LEFT side, it would include GLOBAL APHASIA**.
126
Mark YES or NO next the following if it **would be expected in a left MCA (superior cortical branch) stroke**.
1. right LE hemiparesis
2. left UE and face hemiparesis
3. head and eyes deviate toward side of lesion
4. Broca's aphasia
5. right somatosensory loss
1. No *(no leg involvement)*
2. No (**would be RIGHT side**)
3. Yes
4. Yes
5. Yes
127
Mark YES or NO next the following if it **would be expected in a right MCA (inferior cortical branch) stroke**.
1. Broca's aphasia
2. left UE and face weakness
3. left superior quadrantanopia
4. left LE hemiparesis
5. right somatosensory loss
1. No (**Would be Wernicke's aphasia**)
2. Yes
3. Yes
4. No
5. No (**would be LEFT**)
128
If a person has a stroke in the **right posterior cerebral artery (penetrating branch supplying thalamus)**, what would happen to somatic sensation?
A. Ipsilateral loss to the face only
B. Ipsilateral loss to the body only
C. Ipsilateral loss to the face and body
D. Contralateral loss to the face only
E. Contralateral loss to the body only
F. Contralateral loss to the face and body
**F**
Specifically, in this case, a **Left Sensory Loss to the Face and Body** (could later develop into thalamic pain syndrome)
129
If a person has a stroke in the **right posterior cerebral artery (unilateral cortical branch)**, what would happen to their field of vision?
A. Right homonymous hemianopsia
B. Right Superior Quadrantanopia
C. Left homonymous hemianopsia
D. Left Superior Quadrantanopia
**C**
*Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia*
This stroke presents as a **Left Homonymous Hemianopsia** (contralateral field of vision blindness in each eye). THESE ARE THE MOST COMMON VISUAL FIELD DEFICITS POST-STROKE.
130
If a person has a stroke in the **right posterior cerebral artery (bilateral cortical branches)**, what would happen to their memory?
Inability to form new semantic or episodic memories
131
Which stroke syndrome is described below?
* **Structures involved**: penetrating branches of the anterior spinal artery (stroke), corticospinal tract, CNXII nucleus or nerve fibers, and medial lemniscus
* **Clinical presentation**: contralateral hemiplegia, contralateral loss of discriminative (fine) touch, proprioception, vibration; pain/temp sensation is intact; ipsilateral weakness of the tongue.
A. Weber syndrome
B. Raymond syndrome
C. Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome
D. Medial medullary (Dejerine) syndrome
E. Milard-Gubler syndrome
D
132
Which stroke syndrome is described below?
* **Structures involved**: posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA; stroke), spinotrigeminal tract, anterolateral system, vestibular nuclei, nucleus ambiguus, restiform body
* **Clinical presentation**: ipsilateral loss of pain/temp sensation on face, contralateral loss of pain/temp sensation on body, vertigo, nystagmus, nausea, vomiting, hoarseness, dysphagia, deviation of uvula to the opposite side during phonation, ataxia
A. Weber syndrome
B. Raymond syndrome
C. Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome
D. Medial medullary (Dejerine) syndrome
E. Milard-Gubler syndrome
C
133
Which stroke syndrome is described below?
* **Structures involved**: penetrating branches of PCA (stroke), corticospinal and corticonuclear tracts in crus cerebri, CNIII nerve fibers; may include substantia nigra.
* **Clinical presentation**: contralateral hemiplegia, contralateral weakness of the lower muscles of facial expression, muscles of soft palate, tongue and ipsilateral weakness of SCM/traps, ipsilateral CNIII palsy (down & out eye, dilated pupil and ptosis); if substantia nigra is involved, contralateral Parkinson-like tremor/akinesia or bradykinesia.
A. Weber syndrome
B. Raymond syndrome
C. Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome
D. Medial medullary (Dejerine) syndrome
E. Milard-Gubler syndrome
A
134
Which stroke syndrome is described below?
* **Structures involved**: basilar artery (stroke), corticospinal tract (in pons), facial nucleus or nerve fibers (in pons) and abducens nerve (in pons), anterolateral system and trigeminal nerve fibers
* **Clinical presentation**: contralateral hemiplegia, ipsilateral weakness of the muscles of facial expression, ipsilateral CN VI palsy (medial strabismus, unable to abduct eye, double vision), contralateral loss of pain/toss on body, ipsilateral loss of pain/temp on face
A. Weber syndrome
B. Raymond syndrome
C. Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome
D. Medial medullary (Dejerine) syndrome
E. Milard-Gubler syndromeVI
E
135
Which stroke syndrome is described below?
* **Structures involved**: penetrating branches of basilar artery (stroke), corticospinal tract (in pons), abducens nerve fibers (in pons)
* **Clinical presentation**: contralateral hemiplegia, ipsilateral CN VI palsy (medial strabismus, unable to abduct the eye, double vision)
A. Weber syndrome
B. Raymond syndrome
C. Lateral medullary (Wallenberg) syndrome
D. Medial medullary (Dejerine) syndrome
E. Milard-Gubler syndrome
B
