Flashcards in 13. Lung and the Environment Deck (46):
1
a few forces that control particle deposition in the lungs
-inertia/impaction: tendency to fail to turn corners of R tract, impact upon nose, pharynx, bifurcations
-sedimentation: particles settle acc to their weight
-diffusion (random movement)
2
characteristics that modify particle deposition?
-breathing pattern
-anatomy of the resp tract
3
a few defense mechanisms we have against inhaled substances?
-physical barriers (ie nose filtration)
-mucociliary clearance
-alveolar clearance
-cough
-immune system
4
describe mucociliary clearance
active from resp bronchiole to larynx. coordinated activity of ciliated epithelium. epit cells covered with a fluid bilayer, with both solution phase and gel phase. sol phase facilitates ciliary beat.
5
how quickly do most normal people clear inhaled particles from the bronchi?
6 hrs
6
what phase of mucociliary clearance does cystic fibrosis disrupt (sol or gel)?
sol
7
what phase of mucociliary clearance does chronic bronchitis disrupt (sol or gel)?
gel
8
what phase of mucociliary clearance does Kartagener's syndrome disrupt?
cilia
9
describe alveolar clearance
non ciliated regions. particles transported by alveolar macrophages to mucociliary laler of lymphatic system.
10
what does the ability to cough depend on?
the presence of intact upper and lower afferents and reflex efferents, resp muscles, larynx
11
what are some examples of diseases caused by inspired substances?
silicosis, coal worker's pneumoconiosis, asbestos-related lung disease, farmer's lung, malt worker's lung
12
where does asbestos exposure occur?
mining, home insulation, production of fireproof textiles, paints, brake and clutch linings
13
what usually occurs with inorganic dust diseases (pneumoconiosis)?
parenchymal inflammation, fibrosis due to the tissue reactions involved in trying to clear organic dusts
14
besides interstitial fibrosis, another major lung disease that people exposed to asbestos can present with?
cancer. smoking + asbestos exposure together is terrible.
15
what is organic dust disease? what are the 2 types of immune responses it causes?
hypersensitivity.
two types:
-hypersensitivity pneumonitis (ex farmer's lung)
-occupational asthma (ex cereal worker's lung)
16
Features of hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
systemic reaction, fever, crackles, restrictive pattern.
17
Features of occupational asthma?
dyspnea/wheezing at work, may have latent period of several hours. cough, sputum may improve weekends and vacations.
18
what is aspiration?
normal people aspirate frequently. clinical meaning of aspiration is inhaling a usually non-respirable particle with subsequent disease
19
what are 2 mechanisms of aspiration?
-impaired neuromotor function (anesthesia, depressed lungs, alcohol)
-altered anatomy
20
what is the difference between mainstream and sidestream smoke?
mainstream produced when smoker draws on cig. predominant source for smoker.
sidestream = when cig smolders. predominant env source
21
what does nicotine do in the body?
binds to acetylcholine receptors at autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla, NM junction and brain.
22
what are the effects of nicotine in the body?
stimulates hormone release: catecholamines, ACTH.
inc heart rate, BP, CO
mental stimulation, relaxation, enhanced learning, memory, attention.
promotes thrombosis, plate agg and vasospasm
23
what % of americans smoke?
23%
24
what cancers does smoking contribute to?
lung, also oral cav, larynx, esophagus, bladder, kidney, panc, stomach, cervix
25
what cardiac problems are caused by smoking?
atherosclerosis, incl coronary artery disease, CV disease, peripheral vasc disease
26
what main resp diseases are caused by smoking?
COPD (chron bron, emphy)
27
definition of invol smoking?
exposure of non-smokers to tobacco combustion products in the indoor envt
28
chronic effects of invol smoking in children?
freq of acute resp illness (asthma, chronic cough, sputum, wheezing) in children 5-20 yo
29
effect of parental smoking on kids asthma?
increased incidence
30
smoking cess programs long-term success rate is approx what %?
20%
31
4 benefits of smoking cessation
1. inc life expectancy
2. slowing of progression of tobacco related disease
3. decr risk of lung cancer
4. reduction in perioperative resp complications
32
water soluble agents: where do they do damage?
they dissolve in upper resp tract. injure immediate air spaces (nose, throat, bronchi).
33
water insoluble agents: where do they do damage?
more distal, alveoli, bronchioli
34
water insoluble agents: why delay in recognition?
lack of deposition on mucosal surfaces. symptoms delayed 3-30 hrs
35
factors affecting particle deposition
-impaction
-sedimentation
-diffusion
36
why do we advise people taking inhalers to inhale slowly?
to minimize impaction. also they hold their breath afterwards to allow time for sedimentation (so they don't exhale the med)
37
what is relevant about Kartagener's syndrome?
structural abnormality of cilia
38
definition of pneumoconiosis?
lung disease caused by inhalation of inorganic dusts
39
what is silicosis?
one type of pneumoconiosis.
Lung disease secondary to inhalation of silicon dioxide
40
2 types of silicosis?
Simple silicosis: generally a radiographic abnormality (nodules), unaccompanied by change in lung function, impairment or disability, or decreased longevity
Progressive massive fibrosis: formation of large, coalescent masses that obliterate lung structure
41
coal worker's pneumoconiosis: difference from silicosis?
only difference is type of dust. CWP may present mosaic. nodules, focal emphysema
42
definition of asbestosis?
interstitial lung disease associated with asbestos exposure. may yield a pleural plaque (plates of calcium at lung border on cxr)
43
definition of hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
Immunologically mediated lung disease (secondary to inhaled organic dust)
Caused by intense and/or repeated exposure of dusts that reach distal lung units
Same clinical and pathologic findings regardless of organic dust involved
Acute exposure: flu-like symptoms + breathlessness within hours
Chronic exposure: insidious onset of respiratory symptoms, possibly with irreversible fibrosis
44
a few causes of hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
Malt worker's disease
Farmer's Lung
Tea grower's disease
45
a few causes of occupational asthma?
cereal dust
wood dust
animal proteins
46