1.3 MACROMOLECULES- The Molecules of Life

Question 1

What are all cells composed of?

Answer 1

Organic molecules

Question 2

What does Organic molecules contain?

Answer 2

• Carbon and hydrogen atoms
• Additional elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur

Question 3

What are macromolecules?

Answer 3

Very large molecules essential for life processes

Question 4

2 types of macromolecules

Answer 4

1. Polymers: made of repeating subunits (called monomers) linked together
2. Composite molecules: not made of repeating subunits

Question 5

True or False (get from Aksi)

Question 6

FOUR CLASSES OF MACROMOLECULES

Answer 6

1) Carbohydrates (polymers) 2) Lipids (composite molecules)
3) Proteins (polymers)
4) Nucleic Acids (polymers)

Question 7

1) Carbohydrates (polymers)
monomer?

Answer 7

a carbon ring of usually
- 5 or 6 carbon atoms
- with hydrogen
- and oxygen in the following ratio: (CH2O)n
- monomer glucose

Question 8

FUNCTIONS of Carbohydrate

Answer 8

-Primary energy source for many animal- beacuse easier to process than fats
- structural purposes (cellulose, chitin).

Question 9

4 classification of Carbohydrates

Answer 9

1) monosaccharides
2) disaccharides
3) polysaccharides
4) chitin

Question 10

Monosaccharides
- What is it?
- Type of energy source
- What does it include? (3)

Answer 10

• single ring sugars;
• very quick energy source;
• Includes
  > glucose (fuel to power cellular respiration in nearly all living things)
  >fructose (fruit sugar)
  >galactose (milk sugar)

Question 11

Disaccharides
What does it include (3)?

Answer 11

• double ring sugars
• Includes:
  > sucrose (table sugar)
  > maltose (malt sugar)
  > lactose (milk sugar).

Question 12

Polysaccharides
- Includes (3)?

Answer 12

• 10-1000s of monosaccharides joined together

i)starch - storage form of glucose in plants, ex: breads, rice, potatoes, pasta.

ii)cellulose - tough material, used in plant cell walls, humans can’t digest but, it works as roughage to help move food through intestines.

iii)glycogen - storage form of glucose in animals mostly in liver and muscles.

Question 13

Chitin
- What is it?
- Type of energy source

Answer 13

• tough material of exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans.
• Not a source of energy,
• indigestible.

Question 14

2) Lipids: (COMPOSITE MOLECULES)

Answer 14

• Large composite molecules - made up of long hydrocarbon chains.

Question 15

FUNCTIONS of Lipids

Answer 15

• long term energy storage
• main structural components of cell membranes
• chemical messengers called hormones.

Question 16

4 different classes of lipids:

Answer 16

i) triglycerides
ii) phospholipids
iii) steroids
iv) waxes

Question 17

i) Triglycerides
- made up of
- energy source

Answer 17

• made up of glycerol + 3 fatty acids
• typically call “fats”
• 2x energy than carb/ proteins per grams
• main form of fat storage in plants and animals.

Question 18

ii) Phospholipids
- made up of
- placed in water?

Answer 18

• made up of glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate + choline
• Naturally form phospholipid bilayers when placed in water

Question 19

iii) Steroids
- made up of
- Main group of steroid & its function

Answer 19

• built upon a 4 carbon ring structure, with different side groups
• main steroid is cholesterol whose function is to give fluidity to the cell membrane
• cholesterol builds steroid hormones such as estrogen and testosterone as well as making Vitamin D.

Question 20

iv) Waxes
- made up of
- function

Answer 20

• cuticle of plants
• made up of esters of fatty acids & long alcohol chains
• used by plants to reduce water loss from from leaves
  ex: bees use waxes to build honeycombs

Question 21

3) Proteins (Polymers)
-made up of?
- how many amino acids in our body? we make? for diet?

Answer 21

• Unbranced chains of similar monomers called “amino acis”
• form the most complex molecules in living things.
• 20 amino acids in our body–> 12 we can make, 8 we need to obtain through diets: “essential amino acids”

Question 22

Functions of Proteins

Answer 22

• carrier or channel proteins embedded in the cell membrane act as “border control” : control the movement of material in and out of the cell
• enzymes (biological catalysts) - speed up the rate of a biochemical reactions in cells
• structural component of hair, nails, muscles, tendons, collagen, hemoglobin, etc.
  structural component of hair, nails, muscles, tendons, collagen, hemoglobin, etc.

Question 23

4) NUCLEIC ACIDS: (POLYMER)

Answer 23

• polymer of similar monomers called nucleotides
• Nucleotides are composite molecules made up of sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base

Question 24

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
- function
- location
- deoxyribose

Answer 24

• stores and passes on genetic information
• located in the nucleus
• Deoxyribose: double stranded ; nitergoneous base down the center

Question 25

What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA? (4)

Answer 25

• guanine
• adenosine
• cytosine
• thymine

Question 26

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
- function?
- made where and moves to?
- Ribose

Answer 26

• genetic information used to make protein
• made in the nucleus but moves to the cytoplasm
• Ribose: single stranded molecule
  sugar

Question 27

What are teh nitrogoneous base of RNA (4)?

Answer 27

guanine
adenosine
cytosine
uracil

Question 28

WHICH CLASS OF MOLECULES…
Can contain atoms of phosphorus?

Answer 28

Lipids and Nucleic acids

Question 29

Can contain atoms of sulfur?

Answer 29

Proteins (amino acids)

Question 30

MUST contain nitrogen atoms?

Answer 30

Nucleic acid

Question 31

Are composite molecules?

Answer 31

Lipids

Question 31

Are polymers?

Answer 31

Carbohydrates, Proteins and Nucleic acids

Question 32

Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms?

Answer 32

Carbohydrates