13 - Social Psychology

Question 1

Actor-Observer Effect ¹³

Answer 1

We see behaviour is influenced by environment when judging ourselves and undeerstand when situational demands affect our behaviour in unusual ways. We may not have that same insight judging others.

Question 2

Adaptive Conservatism ¹³

Answer 2

Evolutionary principle; creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different.

Question 3

Aggression ¹³

Answer 3

Behaviour intended to harm others, either verbally or physically.

Question 4

Altruism ¹³

Answer 4

Helping others for unselfish reasons.

Question 5

Attitude ¹³

Answer 5

Belief that includes an emotional component.

Question 6

Attribution ¹³

Answer 6

Process of assigning causes to behaviour.

Question 7

Bystander Effect or Bystander Non-Intervention ¹³

Answer 7

Not calling 911 if someone being harmed or house on fire.

Question 8

Cognitive Dissonance ¹³

Answer 8

Unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs; we change our behaviour, and sometimes it’s easier to change our original belief.

Question 9

Compliance ¹³

Answer 9

Conforming without belief in what you are doing.

Question 10

Conformity ¹³

Answer 10

Tendency of people to alter their behaviour as a result of group pressure.

Question 11

Cult ¹³

Answer 11

Group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause.

Question 12

Deindividuation ¹³

Answer 12

Tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behaviour when they are stripped of their usual identities.

Question 13

Demand Characterists ¹³

Answer 13

Different from Impression Management and Social Desirability.

Question 14

Diffusion of Responsibility ¹³

Answer 14

Reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others.

Question 15

Discrimination ¹³

Answer 15

Negative behaviour toward members of out-groups.

Question 16

Door-in-the-Face Technique ¹³

Answer 16

Persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we’re hoping to have granted.

Question 17

Dual Process Theory ¹³

Answer 17

The type of message (and our processing of it) influences likelihood of attitude change

Peripheral processing (superficial)

E.g. A catchy tune or cute animal on a commercial

Central processing (elaboration)

E.g. we’ve listened carefully and examined the merits of the product for ourselves

Which ‘route’ is taken depends on the relevance of the message to the target

Who is attempting to persuade you can also have an impact

Highly credible people/authority

Attractive/celebrities

If messenger is similar to receiver

Question 18

Enlightenment Effect ¹³

Answer 18

Learning about psychological research can change real-world behaviour for the better.

Question 19

Explicit Prejudice ¹³

Answer 19

Unfounded negative belief of which we’re aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group.

Question 20

Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) Study ¹³

Answer 20

Participants given boring task (put plastic spools into a tray and take out repeaedly)

Some paid $1; some paid $20 to tell next person that the task was “very enjoyable.”

Participants debriefed after, were asked about their true feelings toward the task

Question 21

Foot-in-the-Door Technique ¹³

Answer 21

Persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one.

Question 22

Fundamental Attribution Error ¹³

Answer 22

Tendency to overestimate the influences of character traits/dispositional causes on other people’s behaviour.

Question 23

Groupthink ¹³

Answer 23

Emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking.

Question 24

Implicit Prejudice ¹³

Answer 24

Unfounded negative belief of which we’re unaware regarding the characteristics of an out-group.

Question 25

Impression Management Theory ¹³

Answer 25

Theory that we don't really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behaviours appear consistent with our attitudes.

Question 26

In-Group Bias ¹³

Answer 26

Tendency to favour individuals within our group over those from outside our group.

Question 27

Inoculation Effect ¹³

Answer 27

Approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking those reasons.

Question 28

Jigsaw Classroom ¹³

Answer 28

Educational approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project.

Question 29

Just-World Hypothesis ¹³

Answer 29

Claim that our attributions and behaviours are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason.

Question 30

Lowball Technique ¹³

Answer 30

Persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price, and then mentions all of the “add-on” costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product.

Question 31

Mass Hysteria ¹³

Answer 31

Outbreak of irrational behaviour that is spread by social contagion.

Question 32

Obedience ¹³

Answer 32

Adherence to explicit instructions from those of higher authority.

Question 33

Out-Group Homogeneity ¹³

Answer 33

Tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar.

Question 34

Pluralistic Ignorance ¹³

Answer 34

Error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do.

Question 35

Prejudice ¹³

Answer 35

Drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence.

Question 36

Recognition heuristic ¹³

Answer 36

More likely to believe if we hear it a lot.

Question 37

Relational Aggression ¹³

Answer 37

Form of indirect aggression, prevalent in girls, involving spreading rumours, gossiping, and nonverbal putdowns for the purpose of social manipulation.

Question 38

Scapegoat Hypothesis ¹³

Answer 38

Claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes.

Question 39

Self-Perception Theory ¹³

Answer 39

Theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behaviours. Alternative explaination for Cognitive Dissonance and Festinger findings.

Question 40

Social Loafing ¹³

Answer 40

Phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups.

Question 41

Social Psychology ¹³

Answer 41

Study of how people influence others' behaviour, beliefs, and attitudes.

Question 42

Haney, Banks, Zimbardo Prison Study (1973) ¹³

Answer 42

Also known as the Stanford Prison Experiment

Question 43

Stanford Prison Experiment ¹³

Answer 43

Is prison behaviour a result of the inherent character of people they house or does prison itself control behaviour? Simulated prison in basement Male University students screened for health, emotional stability “psychological study on prison life” “guards” or “prisoners” | Random assignment Guards: taunted, insulted, & dehumanized prisoners Prisoners: at first, tried to rebel; soon became passive; emotional disturbance Loss of identity

Question 44

Stereotype ¹³

Answer 44

A belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group.

Question 45

Ultimate Attribution Error ¹³

Answer 45

Assumption that behaviours among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions.

Question 46

Peripheral processing ¹³

Answer 46

E.g. A catchy tune or cute animal on a commercial superficially integrated into (un)consciousness.

Question 47

Central processing ¹³

Answer 47

We’ve listened carefully and examined the merits of the product for ourselves.

Question 48

Conformity | Maladaptive | Are Not ¹³

Answer 48

From the standpoint of an evolutionary approach to social behaviour; ___________ and __________ (are/aren't) inherently maladaptive. 13

Question 49

Interpersonal Provocation ¹³

Answer 49

Aggression between people becomes more likely when they provoke by insulting, threatening, or hitting.

Question 50

Situational Influences ¹³

Answer 50

These affect aggression and can be short-term or long-term.

Question 51

Frustration ¹³

Answer 51

When we are thwarted __________ can influence aggression.

Question 52

Media Influences ¹³

Answer 52

Video games and other ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_can affect violence in both Western and Asian cultures.

Question 53

Aggressive Cues | Discriminative Stimuli ¹³

Answer 53

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ____ associated with violence, such as guns and knives can serve as _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and can make us more likely to act violently in response to provokation.

Question 54

Arousal ¹³

Answer 54

When our autonomic nervous sytems are hyped up we may mistakenly attribute this ________ to anger.

Question 55

Alcohol and Drugs | Disinhibit | Inhibitions ¹³

Answer 55

Certain things like _________ and ________ can ________ our brain's prefontal cortex, lowering _________ towards behaving violently.

Question 56

Temperature | Warm Temperature | Irritability ¹³

Answer 56

Rate of violent crime in the US mirrors \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ increases \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Question 57

Laughing Hyena ¹³

Answer 57

The exception to aggression being prominant in males of the species.

Question 58

40 | 45 ¹³

Answer 58

There are between ___ and ___ Murders in the United States every day.

Question 59

230 | 6 minutes ¹³

Answer 59

There are about _____ reported rapes every day in the US, about 1 every ___ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Question 60

Culture of Honour ¹³

Answer 60

People from the sourthern regions of the US are more likely than others to adhere to a _________ \_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Question 61

Religious | Religiosity ¹³

Answer 61

Depth of ___________ conviction. Conscientiousness in teenageers is more likely to result in increased levels of ___________ in adulthood.

Question 62

Inherant Egotism Effect ¹³

Answer 62

We're more likely to like someone or something that bears similarities to us.

Question 63

Phantom Goal ¹³

Answer 63

Capitolizing on the desire to achieve unrealistic objectives.

Question 64

Vivid Testimonials ¹³

Answer 64

Marketing technique which tells us about another's personal experiences.

Question 65

Manufacturing Source Credibility ¹³

Answer 65

We're more likely to believe sources we believe to be trustworthy.

Question 66

Scarcity Heuristic ¹³

Answer 66

Somethings rare so it must be valuable.

Question 67

Concensus Heuristic ¹³

Answer 67

If most believe it works then it must.

Question 68

the Natural Commonplace ¹³

Answer 68

Things that are natural must be good.

Question 69

The Godess-Within Commonplace ¹³

Answer 69

Belief that we all possess a hidden mysetical side that science neglects or denies.