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BDS3 ORTHODONTICS > 6 - Facial growth > Flashcards

6 - Facial growth Flashcards

1
Q

When does the neural groove form?

A

25 days

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2
Q

When does the neural tube close?

A

4 weeks

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3
Q

What is the importance of the migration of the neural crest cells?

A

Development of the face

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4
Q

What causes spina bifida?

A

If the neural folds do not fuse at the end of 3 weeks

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5
Q

What are the neural crest cells derived from?

A

Ectomesenchyme

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6
Q

What dental tissues are derived from ectomesenchyme?

A
  • pulp
  • dentine
  • cementum
  • PDL
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7
Q

When does only growth of the embryo begin?

A

8 weeks

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8
Q

When does formation of the face begin?

A

First 8 weeks

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9
Q

Why can cleft lip and palate occur independently?

A

The upper lip and anterior palate are formed from different origins to that of the posterior palate

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10
Q

What is derived from a pharyngeal arch?

A
  • nerve
  • vein
  • artery
  • muscles
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11
Q

What nerve is associated with the first pharyngeal arch?

A

Trigeminal

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12
Q

What nerve is associated with the second pharyngeal arch?

A

Facial

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13
Q

What cartilage is associated with the first pharyngeal arch?

A

Meckel’s cartilage

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14
Q

What cartilage is associated with the second pharyngeal arch?

A

Reichart’s cartilage

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15
Q

How does the mandible grow?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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16
Q

How does the base of the skull grow?

A

Endochondral ossification

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17
Q

How does the vault of the skull grow?

A

Intramembranous ossification

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18
Q

What stimulates growth of the condylar unit of the mandible?

A

Growth of the condyle

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19
Q

What stimulates growth of the angular unit of the mandible?

A

Growth of masseter and lateral pterygoid

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20
Q

What stimulates growth of the coronoid unit of the mandible?

A

Development of the temporalis muscle

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21
Q

What stimulates growth of the alveolar unit of the mandible?

A

Only develops if teeth are present

22
Q

What stimulates growth of the body of the mandible?

A

Inferior alveolar nerve

23
Q

What are the 3 secondary sites of cartilage formation in the mandible?

A
  • condylar
  • coronoid
  • symphyseal
24
Q

When does the coronoid cartilage disappear?

A

Before birth

25
Q

When does the symphyseal cartilage disappear?

A

Just after birth

26
Q

When does the growth finish in the condylar cartilage?

A

20 years

27
Q

Define a primary abnormality.

A

Defect in structure of organ that can be traced back to an anomaly in its development

28
Q

Give an example of a primary abnormality.

A
  • spina bifida
  • cleft lip
  • congenital heart disease
29
Q

Define a secondary abnormality.

A

Interruption of normal development of an organ that can be traced back to other influences

30
Q

Give an example of a cause of a secondary abnormality.

A
  • infection eg rubella virus
  • trauma eg amniotic bands
31
Q

Define deformation.

A

Anomalies that occur due to outer mechanical effects on existing structures

32
Q

Define agenesia.

A

Absence of organ due to failed development in embryonic period

33
Q

Define sequence in relation to development.

A

Single factor results in numerous secondary effects eg Piere-Robin syndrome

34
Q

Define syndrome.

A

Group of anomalies that can be traced to a common origin eg trisomy 21 causes downs syndrome

35
Q

Give examples of facial syndromes that cause maxillary hypoplasia.

A
  • apert’s sydrome
  • croutons syndrome
  • achondroplasia
  • downs syndrome
  • foetal alcohol syndrome
  • cleft lip/palate
36
Q

Give examples of facial syndromes that cause mandibular problems.

A
  • treachers Collins syndrome
  • Pierre-robin
  • stickers syndrome
  • turner’s syndrome
  • hemifacial microsomia
37
Q

What are symptoms of foetal alcohol syndrome?

A
  • microcephaly
  • short palpebral fissures
  • short nose
  • long upper lip with no philtrum
  • small midface
  • small mandible
  • mild learning disability
38
Q

What are symptoms of hemifacial microsomia?

A
  • progressive facial asymmetry
  • spectrum of severity ranging from smaller mandible and zygomatic arch to complete absence of condyle
  • associated with deafness, cardiac and renal problems
39
Q

What causes hemifacial microsomia?

A
  • multifactorial
  • affected by neural crest cells not migrating forward properly
40
Q

What are symptoms of treacher collins syndrome?

A
  • anti-monogloid slant of palpebral fissures
  • coloboma of lower lid outer 1/3 (drooping)
  • hypolastic or absent zygomatic arches
  • hypoplastic mandible
  • deformed pinna
  • associated with conductive deafness
41
Q

What causes treachers collins syndrome?

A

Autosomal dominant condition

42
Q

When does cleft lip occur IU?

A

Days 28-38

43
Q

When does cleft palate occur IU?

A

Days 42-55

44
Q

What are the different types of cleft lip and palate?

A
  • unilateral cleft lip extending to nose
  • unilateral cleft lip and alveolus
  • bilateral cleft lip and alveolus
  • isolated cleft palate
  • cleft palate and cleft lip
45
Q

What is the aetiology of cleft lip and palate?

A
  • family patterns
  • associated with many syndromes
  • social deprivation
  • smoking
  • alcohol
  • anti-epileptics
  • vitamin deficiency
46
Q

What are the dental features of cleft lip and palate?

A
  • impacted teeth
  • crowding
  • hypodontia
  • supernumeraries
  • hypoplastic teeth
  • caries
47
Q

When are cleft lips closed?

A

6-9 weeks

48
Q

When are cleft palates closed?

A

9 months

49
Q

What is achondroplasia?

A
  • lack of cartilage for endocondral growth of bones
  • defects in long bones
  • usually causes dwarfism
  • causes defects in base of skull, middle third of face (nasal cartilage)
50
Q

What is crouzon’s syndrome?

A
  • premature closer of cranial sutures (coronal and lambdoid)
  • causes shallow orbits, retusion and vertical shortening of midface
  • class III occlusion with narrow spaced teeth
51
Q

How is croutons treated?

A

Distraction osteogenesis (bones broken and pulled apart to encourage new growth)

52
Q

What is apert’s syndrome?

A
  • premature closure of all cranial sutures
  • wide eyes, maxillary hypoplasia
  • class III malocclusion, AOB, narrow spaced teeth
  • fingers and toes are fused
  • conductive deafness

BDS3 ORTHODONTICS (10 decks)

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