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Biology GCSE AQA > Homeostasis, Variation And Evolution > Flashcards

Homeostasis, Variation And Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What does homeostasis maintain

A

It maintains optimal conditions for enzyme action and all cell function

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2
Q

What does the nervous system enable

A

The nervous system enables humans to react to the surroundings and coordinate their behavior

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3
Q

What are reflex actions

A

Reflex actions are automatic and rapid it they do not involve the conscious part of the brain

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4
Q

What is the endocrine system composed

A

It’s composed of glands which secrete chemicals

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5
Q

What chemicals are secreted from the gland’s

A

Hormones 

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6
Q

The endocrine system is composed of glands which secrete chemicals called hormones. Where are the hormones transferred to?

A

Hormones go directly into the bloodstream and trigger effects in specific target organs

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7
Q

What is the pituitary gland

A

It’s called the ‘master gland’ and its in the brain

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8
Q

What does the pituitary gland secrete

A

It secretes several hormones into the blood in response to body conditions

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9
Q

The purity gland secretes several hormones. what do these hormones do?

A

These hormones act on other glands to simulate other hormones to be released to bring about effects.

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10
Q

Where is blood glucose concentration monitored and controlled by

A

The pancreas

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11
Q

What is the main male reproductive hormone called

A

Testosterone

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12
Q

What do enzymes and cells require

A

A stable condition in order to work

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13
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The regulation of internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimal conditions for function in response to internal and external changes

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14
Q

Respiration will use glucose to generate what

A

Energy

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15
Q

In the human body what does homeostasis control (other than the optimum level)

A

Blood glucose concentration
body temperature
water levels

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16
Q

Homeostasis consist of a automatic control systems making sure for what

A

that the internal conditions of the body stay consistent as possible

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17
Q

What does the automatic control system involve in the human body

A

the nervous system or hormones

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18
Q

What are the features of an automatic control system

A

Receptor cells
Coordination center
Effector

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19
Q

What’s the use of receptor cells

A

They detect changes in the environment like the body’s internal conditions for example the concentration of glucose in the blood
or
the bodies external conditions for example the temperature of the skin

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20
Q

What do scientists call changes in the environment

A

A stimulus

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21
Q

Give an example of a coordination center

A

The brain
The spinal cord

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22
Q

what does the coordination center do

A

It receives and processes the information from the receptor cells

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23
Q

What is an example of an effector

A

A muscle
A gland 

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24
Q

What is the job of the effector

A

It’s receives information from the coordination center and carries out a response which restores optimum levels

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25
Q

Explain the process of an Automatic control system

A

A stimulus gets sent to the receptor cells
Then to the coordination center then to the effector
Then it’s produces a response and continues

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26
Q

What is the role of the nervous system

A

It enables humans to react to their surroundings 

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27
Q

Why are reflex actions important

A

They help protect us from danger and they are rapid

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28
Q

What two parts does the nervous system consists of

A

The central nervous system (CNS) = Brain and spinal cord
And other nerves running to and from the nervous system

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29
Q

What is the independent variable

A

Some thing that has changed

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30
Q

What’s the control variable

A

Something that cannot change

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31
Q

What’s the difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system

A

The nervous system is faster but shorter

The endocrine system is slower but acts for longer

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32
Q

What’s the use of the pancreas

A

The pancreas controls the concentration of glucose in the blood

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33
Q

What’s the use of the ovaries (female) and Tasteas (male)

A

They release hormones and puberty and in reproduction

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34
Q

What’s the use of the thyroid gland

A

It produces hormones involved in growth and regulating the body’s metabolic rate (Metabolic rate = how rapidly the body’s reaction takes place)

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35
Q

What’s the use of the adrenal glands

A

Releases hormones in times of fear or stress

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36
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located

A

In the brain

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37
Q

What does the pituitary gland do

A

It’s releases different hormones into the blood depending on the conditions and they react on other glands and cause other hormones to be released

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38
Q

Why is glucose needed by every cell

A

To release energy by respiration

This is why it’s very important to keep the concentration of glucose constant

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39
Q

What does the pancreas produce

A

Insulin 

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40
Q

Where does insulin travel

A

In the bloodstream all around the body

41
Q

What does insulin trigger for the liver and muscle cells

A

To store excess glucose as a storage molecule this is called glycogen

42
Q

What is metabolism

A

Metabolism is the sum of all reactions in a cell or the body

43
Q

What is contraception

A

Preventing fertilization

44
Q

What’s a common method of contraception

A

The use of oral contraceptives such as a pill
An implant
A skin patch
Injection
Condom
Diaphragm

45
Q

In contraception what does the pill do

A

It contains hormones which prevents the body from producing the hormone FSH

46
Q

What does FSH (follicle simulating hormone) do

A

It causes an egg to mature in the ovary

47
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantage of a contraceptive pill

A

It is highly effective if taken correctly although it must be taken every day

48
Q

What happens if a woman forgets to take her contraceptive pill

A

A risk of pregnancy

49
Q

What side effects do the contraceptive pills have

A

A very small risk of breast cancer or blood clots

50
Q

What does the implant, injection and skin patch contain

A

Progesterone 

51
Q

What does the progesterone do

A

It stops eggs from maturing or being released

52
Q

What are the advantages of an injection, implant and skin patch

A

It is more convenient than taking a daily pill

The injection lasts for 13 weeks
The implant lasts for 3 years
The patch lasts for 1 week

53
Q

What are the disadvantages of an injection, implant and skin patch

A

They don’t protect against sexually transmitted infections for example HIV

54
Q

What is oestrogen

A

It’s the main female reproductive hormone produced in the Overy

55
Q

At puberty several hormones work together to begin to mature what is released

A

An egg every 28 days (Ovulation)

56
Q

What is ovulation

A

When eggs begin to mature at puberty and a egg is released every 28 days

57
Q

What does FSH trigger

A

It triggers an egg to mature in one of the ovaries

58
Q

What does LH trigger

A

The mature egg to be released this is called ovulation

59
Q

What’s 2 fertility treatment for women

A

When FSH and LH is given in a “fertility drug” to a woman she may then become pregnant in the normal way

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

60
Q

What does the fertility drug do

A

It causes the woman to ovulate more than usual

61
Q

Explain the process of IVF

A

Fertilization takes place outside the body and the mother is treated with FSH and LH to cause several eggs to mature then they are collected from the mother and a sperm from the father is collected and used to fertilize the egg in the laboratory.

Then the fertilized eggs develop embryos and once the embryos are tiny balls of cells
They are inserted into the mothers uterus (womb) then they develop inside the mother

62
Q

What is the benefit of IVF

A

It gives the woman a chance to have a baby of her own

63
Q

What are the problems of IVF

A

Very low success rates
Very stressful
Physically demanding on the mother
Could cause multiple births
Not all embryos are transferred to the mother meaning many embryos are destroyed
IVF is expensive

64
Q

What’s the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

In type 1 the pancreas fails to produce insulin
In type 2 the body no longer responds to insulin

65
Q

What happens if the blood glucose concentration is too low

A

If it’s to low the pancreas produces the hormone glucagon that causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into the body

66
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

A disorder where the pancreas fails to produce a certain amount of insulin.

67
Q

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by controlled high blood glucose levels. How can you treat type one diabetes?

A

By injecting insulin

68
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

The body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by the pancreas

69
Q

What is one risk factor for type 2 diabetes

A

Obesity

70
Q

How can you treat type 2 diabetes

A

By having a controlled diet of carbohydrates and exercise

71
Q

If the blood glucose concentration is too high what happens

A

The pancreas produces the hormone insulin that causes glucose to move from the blood into the cells

72
Q

Give an example of negative feedback

A

If the blood glucose level is too low, the pancreas releases the hormone glucagon. This travels to the liver in the blood and causes the break-down of glycogen into glucose. The glucose enters the blood stream and glucose levels increase back to normal.

73
Q

During puberty reproductive hormones cause what

A

Reproductive hormones cause secondary sex characteristics to develop eg. Pubic hair

74
Q

Testosterones for the male produces what

A

Testosterones stimulates the testes to produce sperm

75
Q

How does the uterus respond to hormones 

A

The uterus lining becomes thick and spongy

76
Q

How does an egg become fertilized

A

If a sperm is present a egg implants into the uterus wall and develops into a baby

77
Q

If the egg does not become fertilized what happens

A

The egg and the uterus lining are released this causes a period

78
Q

What does the Luteinizing hormone (LH) cause

A

It causes an egg to be released (ovulation)

79
Q

How is oestrogen produced

A

By the ovary

80
Q

What is the function of oestrogen and progesterone

A

They are involved in maintaining the uterus lining in case the egg is fertilized 

81
Q

Explain the interactions of FSH, oestrogen, LH, and progesterone in control of the menstrual cycle

A

In the first stage FSH is released by the pituitary gland
FSH travels in the blood to the ovaries
where it causes an egg to mature
at the same time FSH triggers the ovaries to make Oestrogen
then the pituitary gland releases LH releasing a egg
once the ovary has released its egg in the ovary now produces the hormone progesterone

82
Q

What does progesterone stop

A

It stops the pituitary glands from releasing FSH and LH this is to prevent more eggs from maturing or being released

83
Q

Fertility can be controlled by a variety of

A

Hormonal and non-hormonal methods of contraption

84
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of condoms and diaphragms

A

Condoms reduce the risk of STI’s but it can break or slip off

85
Q

What’s the use of spermicides

A

They killed or disable sperm and they reduce the chances of fertilization

86
Q

What’s the use of intrauterine device/IUD for women

A

It prevents the implementation of an embryo or releases a hormone to reduce the chances of fertilization

87
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of IUD

A

Highly effective and prevents pregnancy for up to 10 years but it doesn’t protect against sexually transmitted infections 

88
Q

What do surgical methods of male and female sterilization cause 

A

In woman it’s prevents the egg from reaching the uterus
In man it’s prevents the sperm from leaving the penis

89
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of surgical methods

A

It’s highly effective but It’s not easy to reverse so the person has to be certain that they never want children and they do not protect against STI

90
Q

Abstaining from sexual intercourse during the time after ovulation what is this called

A

A natural form of contraception

91
Q

What are the problems of a natural form of contraception

A

It’s hard to tell when a woman has ovulated and it does not protect us against STI

92
Q

Name two glands

A

Adrenal gland
Thyroid gland

93
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located and what do they produce

A

They are located on top of the kidneys and in times of fear or stress they produce a hormone called adrenaline that gets released into the blood

94
Q

What are the main factors of Adrenaline 

A

It increases the heart rate and boosts the delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles preparing the body for ‘fight or fight’ (To run away or fight)

95
Q

Why is oxygen and glucose needed for Adrenaline 

A

For aerobic respiration (Respiration=Energy)

96
Q

Where is the thyroid gland found and what does it release

A

It’s found in the base of the neck and releases the hormone called thyroxine

97
Q

What are the effects of thyroxine

A

It stimulates the bodies basal metabolic rate
Thyroxine plays an important role in growth and development

98
Q

Explain negative feedback for thyroxine

A

The level of thyroxine in the blood is monitored by the brain
when the thyroxine levels fall the purity gland releases the hormone TSH into the bloodstream
TSH triggers the thyroid gland to release more thyroxine into the blood
The increased level of thyroxine is detected by the brain
Preventing the purity gland from releasing TSH
As the TSH level falls the thyroid gland releases less thyroxine
But as TSH level increases the thyroid gland releases more thyroxine

Biology GCSE AQA (8 decks)

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