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AP Human Geography > Unit 5 Vocab - Agriculture & Economics > Flashcards

Unit 5 Vocab - Agriculture & Economics Flashcards

1
Q

Agribusiness

A

The system of commercial farming found in more developed countries.

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2
Q

Agricultural Hearths

A

Areas from where the origins of agricultural ideas & innovation began and spread.

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3
Q

Agriculture

A

The deliberate tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food & fiber.

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4
Q

Biotechnology

A

The use of genetically altered crops in agriculture and DNA manipulation in livestock in order to increase production.

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5
Q

Cash Crops

A

Crops that are raised for export to high-consumption developed countries.

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6
Q

Cereal Grains

A

Oats, wheat, rye, or barley.

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7
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

Began in the late 15th & 16th centuries when products were carried both ways across the Atlantic & Pacific Oceans.

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8
Q

Commercial Agriculture

A

The production of food surpluses, with most crops destined for sale to people outside the farmer’s family.

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9
Q

Crop Rotation

A

Each field is planted on a planting cycle.

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10
Q

Desertification

A

A deterioration of land to a desert-like condition by over-grazing and over-planting.

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11
Q

Dispersed Settlement Pattern

A

Seen in an area of extensive agricultural practices where individual farmhouses lie far apart.

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12
Q

Enclosure

A

The practice of fencing or hedging in large blocks of land for experiments with new techniques of farming.

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13
Q

Erosion

A

The geological process in which materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind and water.

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14
Q

Extensive Agriculture

A

Farmed land that is further away from markets/cities and is in large units.

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15
Q

Extensive Subsistence Agriculture

A

The cultivation of large areas of land and minimal labor per land area.

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16
Q

Green Revolution

A

The introduction of two new agricultural techniques during the 1970s:
a) The use of new higher-yield seeds.
b) The expanded use of fertilizers.

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17
Q

Hamlets

A

Small clusters of buildings or slightly larger settlements of villages.

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18
Q

Horticulture

A

The growing of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and tree crops from the commercial base of Mediterranean farming.

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19
Q

Hunters & Gatherers

A

A group of people who forage and hunt food from their environment.

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20
Q

Industrial Agriculture

A

Modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of livestock, poultry fish, and crops.

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21
Q

Intensive Agriculture

A

Farmed land that is closer to markets/cities and is in smaller units.

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22
Q

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

A

The cultivation of small areas of land through the use of great amounts of labor; yields per unit/area and population densities if both are high.

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23
Q

Intertillage

A

The growing of various types of crops.

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24
Q

Irrigation

A

The channeling of water to fields.

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25
Q

Labor Intensive Agriculture

A

A process that employs large numbers of people and requires relatively little capital to produce food.

26
Q

Location Theory

A

A theory involving the locational pattern of economic activity and the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated (Von Thunen Model).

27
Q

Long-Lot Survey System

A

A survey system that divides land into narrow parcels that extend from rivers, roads, or canals.

28
Q

Mediterranean Agriculture

A

A type of agriculture that only exists in the land that borders the Mediterranean Sea, California, central Chile, SW parts of South Africa, & SW Australia.

29
Q

Mercantilism

A

An economic system developed by the British & the Dutch where private companies under charter from the government carry out the trade.

30
Q

Metes & Bounds

A

A survey system where natural features are used to mark irregular parcels of land.

31
Q

Milkshed

A

A ring of milk production that surrounds a major city.

32
Q

Mixed Crop & Livestock Farming

A

The most common form of commercial agriculture in the US west of the Appilacions; farmers grow and raise livestock on the same land spread as their crops.

33
Q

Neolithic Revolution

A

The wide-scale transition of going from hunting & gathering to agriculture & settlement from 10000 BC to 2200 BC.

34
Q

Nomadism

A

The practice of moving frequently from one place to another.

35
Q

Nucleated Settlement Pattern

A

A settlement pattern where villages are located close together with relatively small surrounding fields.

36
Q

Organic Agriculture

A

Crops that are grown without fertilizers or pesticides ensure the consumer will not suffer adverse health effects.

37
Q

Pampas

A

Large areas of prairie found in South America.

38
Q

Pastoral Nomadism

A

A form of pastoralism in which livestock are herded in order to seek fresh pastures on which to graze.

39
Q

Plantation

A

A large farm that specializes in one or two crops; is mostly found in Latin America, Africa, and Asia.

40
Q

Post-Industrial Societies

A

Countries where most people are no longer employed in industry (factories).

41
Q

Primary Sector (agriculture)

A

The part of the economy that draws raw materials from the natural environment.

42
Q

Primogeniture

A

A family practice where all land is passed to the eldest son, resulting in land parcels that are large and tended individually.

43
Q

Quaternary Sector

A

The subset of the tertiary sector; includes service jobs concerned with research & development, management & administration, and processing & disseminating information.

44
Q

Rectangular Survey System

A

A survey system that encouraged settlers to disperse evenly across interior farmlands; the section lines were often drawn in grids without reference to the terrain.

45
Q

Second Agricultural Revolution

A

Began in Western Europe during the 1600s and intensified agriculture by promoting higher yields per acre and per farmer.

46
Q

Secondary Sector (industry)

A

The part of the economy that transforms raw materials into manufactured goods.

47
Q

Seed Agriculture

A

The production of plants through the annual planting of seeds.

48
Q

Seed Drill

A

A device that plants seeds into the earth instead of on the surface which would cause the seeds to be blown away or eaten by animals.

49
Q

Shifting Cultivation (swidden agriculture)

A

A farming method that primarily exists in rainforest zones of South America.

50
Q

Specialization

A

The growing of specialized crops because they seem to be more profitable.

51
Q

Spring Wheat Area

A

Only in North and South Dakota and Montana; the wheat crop cannot survive the winter.

52
Q

Subsistence Agriculture

A

The production of only enough food to feed the farmer’s family, with no surpluses to sell.

53
Q

Tertiary Sector (services)

A

The part of the economy that involves services rather than goods.

54
Q

Third Agricultural Revolution

A

Began in the mid-20th century and is still going on in the form of industrial agriculture.

55
Q

Truck Farming

A

A farming method predominantly in the SE US because of the region’s long growing season, humid climate, and accessibility to markets in the NE US.

56
Q

Vegetative Planting

A

New plants are produced by direct cloning of existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots.

57
Q

Village

A

A term used to describe a small number of people who live in a cluster of houses in a rural area. Village forms include round, walled, grid, linear, and cluster.

58
Q

Von Thunen’s Model

A

A ring model that is used to describe the relativity of different types of farming to a central point (usually a city). Ring 1 is the closest and 4 is the farthest. The rings are as follows:
1 - Market gardening & Dairy.
2 - Forest
3 - Field Crops
4 - Animal Grazing

59
Q

Wattle

A

Poles and sticks that are tightly woven together and then covered in mud in order to build huts.

60
Q

Wet/Lowland Rice

A

Rice that is planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth.

61
Q

Winter Wheat Area

A

Only in Kansas, Colorado, & Oklahoma; the wheat crop is planted in the autumn, survives the winter, and ripens the following summer.

62
Q

“World’s Breadbasket”

A

A term used to describe the prairie states of the US.

AP Human Geography (4 decks)

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