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Evolutionary relationship psychology > cyberpsychology > Flashcards

cyberpsychology Flashcards

1
Q

what is cyberpsychology?

A
  • the way technology impacts our psychological processes, motivation, intentions and behaviours, both online and offline.
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2
Q

what is the Web 2.0?

A

It’s when the internet went from being passive. People could create their own content, the internet became interactive and more social.

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3
Q

What are filtered out cues, and filtered cue in?

A

Cues filtered out - the argument is the internet had filtered out non- verbal cues and interpersonal cues we use when interacting ftf (internet interaction is inferior)
- cues filtered in - the way we interact ftf has filtered into the way we interact on the internet.

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4
Q

what is Social Presence
Theory ? (Short Williams
& Christie, 1976)

A

-argues the internet filters out cues and is not as good as ftf interaction
- bandwidth is how many cues a medium can relay, including non verbal cues
- more bandwidth means more social presences.
- bandwidth is all the information we can take in about an interaction, e.g body language, facial expressions, tone of voice. The theory argues we have more bandwidth in ftf interaction compared online.

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5
Q

Support research for social presence theory ?

A

-Walther, 2011

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6
Q

What is Social Information Processing theory ? (SIP theory) (Walther,
1992)

A

-agreed with social presence theory that there are few cues in an online interaction compared to ftf, however its not a bad thing
-when we use technology, we make ourselves understood and we use what is available to us
-we interpret messages based off the content, style and timing e.g reply times
-we can choose are words carefully in a text and have emojis
- we can use these as cues instead interpersonal cues.
-online interaction can be equivalent to ftf interaction when individuals utilise different cues

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7
Q

Social Identity model of Deindividuation Effects ?(SIDE) mode (Reicher, Spears & Postmes, 1995)

A
  • focused more on groups instead of one to one interaction
    -looks at what are the effects and use of visual anonymity
    -when verbal and non-verbal cues are missing, its easier for someone to switch from self-identity to a group identity
  • when groups or social cues are more salient (noticeable/ attention grabbing) self identity can switch to group identity
    -When individual cues to identity remain salient then the focus remains on the self identity.
    -can be argued its a filtered out approach because it says there is a lack of cue in internet interaction, but the theory is more interested in the noticeable cues
    -when someone affilates to a group, positives or negative things can happen dependent on the group norms
    -when there is both visually
    anonymous and identifiable individuals the focus may remain on the self identity
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8
Q

what is hyperpersonal model? (walther, 1996)

A
  • cues are manipulated
    -online interactions can exceed ftf interaction, instead of interpersonal interactions, it becomes hyperpersonal interaction
  • the theory came about because people online were developing intense relationships over the internet exceed relationships occurring from ftf interaction
    -there are 4 actors can that make interaction into hyperpersonal interaction
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9
Q

What are the four factors from hyperpersonal model?

A
  1. senders- we have more control over how we present ourselves on the internet. In text you can choose the right words, delete messages, which doesn’t happen in speech. Physical distance also means verbal and visual cues can be hidden if you want to. Also online we can select self present for optimal self presentation.
  2. receives - we over idealise and see positive attributes from the senders, we positively overgeneralise and intend for future interactions. We fill in the gaps in online interactions positively.
  3. channel of communication- it can support the optimal self presentation. We can put focus on the text we are sending, instead of how we look, how we sound, and our reactions. We can edit texts, rewrite and delete them. Our cognitive resources we would use to make sure we are coming across well in a ftf interaction can be relocated to the message we are sending.
  4. feedback loop- idealised senders give out idealised messages,
    receivers take these idealised messages, interpret positively and the loop goes around.
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10
Q

What is disinhibition effect? (Suler, 2004)

A
  • people act differently online compared to in person, there are at least 6 factors that contribute to why :
    1. dissociative anonymity - people do not know you, you can hide or alter your identity or parts of your identity. You can separate you online actions from your offline self.
    2. Invisibility- cant be seen, your physical body cant be seen.
    3. Asynchronicity - you can say something, go offline, and come back when you want, e.g emotional hit and run.
    4. Solipsistic introjection - Can start to feel interactions are just taking place in our minds and be more open
    5. Dissociative imagination - Can perceive an online interaction as different and less real than a ftf exchange e.g its just a game
    6. Minimization of authority - Status and authority can become diluted
  • two types of outcomes can happen:
    1. Benign disinhibition- A positive type of inhibition e.g online support or share distressing stories and emotions
    2.Toxic disinhibition - Aggressive acts that would not normally commit e.g trolling
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11
Q

In 2016, what did Suler add the the 6 factors of disinhibition effect?

A

*Perceived privacy – “it’s just me and you and it
won’t be moved outside of the interaction”
*Social facilitation - “everyone else is doing it so
it’s okay” may explain victimising behaviour

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12
Q

Criticisms of social presence theory?

A
  • studies were done when two groups of participants had to interact to achieve a goal. 1 group interacted ftf and group 2 did it via text. It was deemed that the ftf interaction was more successful. Issues with this is speaking is a lot quicker than texting and not enough time was allocated for detailed interactions online. Also people on text did not know if they were going to see the other people again, this could of changed the type of interact.
    -other issue is real and intense relationships can form online which can exceed in person interacts.
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13
Q

criticisms of hyperpersonal model?

A
  • this theory does not always fit, for example on dating apps. The barr theory argues we do not always optimise self presentation, we want a balance of real because we don’t want to catfish.
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14
Q

What are the 4 types of social support ? House (1981)

A

1.Emotional support–empathy and caring
2.Informational support–provision of information
3.Appraisal support– information to help the individual appraise information and evaluate for themselves, rather than just problem solving for the person
4.Instrumental support– tangible provision such as goods or services.

-all types reduce uncertainty and offer wellbeing

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15
Q

What is online support?

A
  • thanks to web 2.0 we can interact online
  • its social support online
    -e.g parenting, weight loss, illness
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16
Q

Coulson (2019) what are differences between 2 main types of online support communities?

A

Synchronous:– real time e.g live chats
Asynchronous:– content evolves over time, hours, days, weeks e.g blog
-asynchronous is the most popular online support

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17
Q

Why use online support communities?

A

-Limited access to support from traditional social networks,
-living with health related stigma,
-perceived credibility or similarity of those in the group
-convenience and other features of CMC

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18
Q

what are the advantages of online social support?

A
  • can get it anytime, don’t need to attend an time scheduled group
    -no travel
  • easy to find similar people to you
    -larger audience
    -anonymity
    -self presentation advantage
    -hyperpersonal relationships
  • the act of writing instead of speech
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19
Q

how does online anonymity help social support?

A
  • can disclose embarrassing problems
  • reaction to information can not be seen
  • anonymity can lead to enhanced disclosure (link to online disinhibition effect)
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20
Q

how does self presentation online advantage social support?

A

-hypersonal model
- we have more control of what we write, so we can plan the right thing to say
- verbal and visual cues are hidden
-enables optimal self presentation
-good channel of communication
-we can focus of the word we write instead of how we looks and sound
-can edit and delete
-use all cognitive resource o texting the right thing

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21
Q

what is a hypersonal relationships ?

A

4 effects :
Sender: can send optimised messages
Receiver: receiving optimised self presentations of others
Channel: the features of the medium which can enable us to optimise ourselves
Feedback: idealised senders give idealised messages, idealised receivers interpret positively, the loop goes round.
- it hypersonal relationship is argued to be better than face to face, therefore should advantage social support

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22
Q

how does the act of writing benefit online social support?

A

-literature suggests writing out the problem helps, this may benefit social support

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23
Q

what is social comparison theory?

A

-Comparing our situation to others gain accurate self evaluation
-Various directions: upward, downward, lateral
-Outcomes of social comparison not always positive, complex interplay of factors

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24
Q

What are the disadvnatges of online support groups?

A
  1. first levels of individual divide- having or no having the internet
  2. second level- people may have access but doesnt have the right skills to use it
  3. third level- just becuase you have access to the internet and have some level of skill it doesnt not mean you know where to look to find information that will be benfifical to you.
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25
Q

what is the negative content of social support groups?

A
  • there are people who go on social support online networks to be agressive and hostile becuase of the online dishibition effect
  • Mo & Coulson (2014) found people were riduling and attack people on HIV/ AID support group
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26
Q

What is Mo & Coulson (2014) issues with information?

A

misinformation - people can have good intentions but these people are peers and no professional and therefore could give out misleading information
-information overload - you are given some much information its hard to find what you actually need

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27
Q

what is the problem with lack of cue on online support ?

A
  • we all have loads of non-verbal cues, and social presence theory would argue we cant not compensate for this online
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28
Q

what is the delay or non reponse issue?

A
  • when support is happening online there can be a delay is a reponse or someone can not respond to you at all, this could make someone feel even worse. When support is happening in person, someone will always respond.
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29
Q

what is lurking ?

A
  • community members who may not contribute at all.
  • a reader not a poster
  • online content depends on active users however there is way more lurkers than active users therfore we are missing out on lots of peoples experiences and contrubitions
  • literature is undecided if they gain less than active users
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30
Q

are lurkers freeloads?

A
  • research often looks at lurkers as being negative ie people that take and not give
31
Q

Preece et al (2004), what are the 5 reasons people lurk?

A
  1. some doesnt need to, can get what they want without posting
  2. still learning about the group, and doesnt want to post without all the info
  3. i have nothing to ofter, what i was going to say has already been said
  4. could not make the software work
  5. decided you didnt like the group
32
Q

sun et al (2014), what are the 4 reason to lurk?

A
  1. environmental influence - factors relating to the community its self e.g wait too long for a response
  2. personal reasons - being shy or scared you will say something irreverent
  3. relationship reasons - they may not feel apart of the support group
  4. security concerns - will their privacy needs be met
  • these reasons show people are not just freeloading, there are many reason they maybe lurking
33
Q

ridings et al (2006) how did they compare lurkers and posters?

A
  • they broke people down into 3 categories, lurkers, occasional posters ,and frequent posters
  • the lurkers where less willing to give and exchange social support with others
  • initially this looks like freeloading
  • however they looked at trust in the lurkers
  • the lurkers had low levels of trust in the others advice and doubted their kindness and honesty
  • this is why the lurkers didn’t post, barbecue they had doubts in the community
  • when we just look at poster and lurkers its a very limited strategy to understand online support and itsn’t looking at the middle ground
34
Q

what is the social exchange theory explaining lurkers trust issues?

A
  • we carry out a cost and benefit analyse when we interact with other people
  • is the interaction worth it ?
  • there is no guarantee we will get what we put in out when it comes to social interaction because its only driven by social norms (no rules)
  • therefore a vital component in social exchange is trust
  • if we trust someone we are more likely to interaction
  • lurkers may just have a lack of trust instead of trying to freeload
35
Q

what is fullwood et al (2019) suggest about lurkers ?

A
  • they suggested that identifying someone as lurker or non lurker was way to narrow, and it should be thought as a continnum from lurker to poster
  • looking at it as a continuum allows them to see a number of factors that influences participation
  • other factors then ‘meeting goal without contribution ‘ was :
  • poor sense of community
    -struggle with self expression
    -privacy concerns
  • hard to access and use
  • health preventing issues
  • waiting to feel more apart of the community
  • lack of time

Their study found that the people who were less likely to write an original post were the people who could achieve their goal without contributing, people who were concerned about privacy and people with a poor sense of community

They also looked at how people replied to posts, it again was the people who could get their goal met without contribution, again people with privacy issues and poor sense of community. It was also see that when people saw someones message had a negative reply, that made them more likely to reply positively .

  • this research shows that its way to generalized to say people lurker to freeload, there are more factors influencing it
36
Q

what is the SIDE model explain lurkers behavior ?

A
  • this model states that when your self -identify is prominent, individuals will not shift to the group identify. However when group identity becomes prominent, the group norms and behaviours will effect the individuals behaviors.
  • lurkers may not contribute because they have no yet developed a group identity instead they are still focused on their self -identity
  • maybe when the group identity becomes more prominent they may stop lurking, its on a continuum.
37
Q

what is social media ?

A

web-based service that allows indivudals to contrust a public or semi public profile, make a list of users of whom we share a conncection with, see how other people have connections with.
- result of web 2.0

38
Q

what are the varation of social media ?

A

-method of commuication
- a platform there you can be very different in your online perosna ( salience of your offline persona can vary)
-asychronicity/ synchronicity of the interaction

39
Q

popularity of social media ?

A
  • facebook is still the most popular, more popular with females, orginally it was popular with younger people but now its more popular with older people
  • research is dominant on facebook becuase when research is started in this area, facebook was the biggest social media
  • twitter is bigger but nothing compared to facebook
40
Q

what is uses and gratifcation approach ?

A
  • looks at how and why we choose certian media
  • users are goal-directed and will choose a media that will fulfil there goals/needs
    -people can been drawn from social and psychological factors
    -books, tv and radio have been considered in this theory as well, it goes back a while
    -different social media links to different motivations
41
Q

what is the motivation of social comparsion in relating to social media?

A
  • people use other people to evlaute themselves
  • people can orginally state they dont social compare, but then take part in it
  • for people that have a high need to compare themselves, they may use social media to socially compare
  • we have so much information of people now on social media
  • indivudals spend most of there time viewing other people and profiles istead of interacting
    -negative outcomes
  • you can social compare ability or opinion, when its an opinion you dont agree with this may have a less of a negative impact on you, howver, when its ability, this can cause a negative outcome
  • often research does not differ between ability and opinion
42
Q

what is FOMO ?

A

fear of missing out
- people may use soical media to prevent on missing out of something improtant or important information
- people with high FOMO have been researched and they spend long of social networks then people with low FOMO
- links to only social social media, for example anonymous social media would not gratfiy this motivation
- its improtant to consider different type of social media when think about different motivations

43
Q

what is the personality influence what social media we use ?

A
  • research has shown that the perosnalites of facebook users impacts the motivations for why they use facebook
  • extraverts post more comments, status update more regulary and post photos more often
  • lee et al (2014) say exterverts movations for social media is to be more sociable
    neurtoic personalities may use Facebook to meet a need for validation, to gain attention and support
  • people with a high in opneness to experience trait use facebook to meet the need to share information
    narrisstic perosnality types - meets the need to self promote
  • pople motivation for different type of social media may be influenced by their different personaility types, and the way they use it might also be different becuase of their personality
44
Q

motivations for social media in the pandemic in relation to personalities?

A
  • people used social media to pass the time
  • maintain relationships
    extraverted people were especially focused on use social media to mantain there relationship
    must consider what plateform and the specfic factors of that platform
45
Q

what is the need to beling and the need for self present?

A
  • Nadkarni and Hofmann (2012)
  • the need to belong could be aruged to be one of the strognest needs humans have
  • self present can link to hpyerpersonal model
  • we try to manage impressions of us, and put our best foot foward
  • facebook could be used to present an optimal self
  • research doesnt support this, research suggest users actually put out the real self, this maybe becuase of the channel e.g facebook
    -facebook has often been referred to as nonymous plateform, a lot of our online freidns are also our offline friends therefore it limits how much we can present the ideal self
  • people are also are presenting to multiple audeinces and research has suggested that friends to call out if someone online self is not like their actualy self, limits how much you can deviate
  • if you want to create an ideal identify on online, choose certain social media may be better, someone more anyonymous
46
Q

what are the motvations of snapchat and Instagram ?

A
  • commucation wih the ones we are close to -snap
  • instrgram motivation are self promotion
    sheldon and bryant (2016) state there are 4 motvation to use instagram
  • surveillance/ getting knowledge of others - the most popular reason, keep tabs on what people are doing
  • documentation - not used for other site, its like a vitual photo album
  • popularity/ cooless - everyone has it, multiple features so can chosse what appeals to you the most, can be use to self promote and increase popularity
  • creativity - demostrating skills and share creative post with other people, not a motivation of other social medias
47
Q

what is critcisms of the Uses and gratifcation approach?

A
  • motivations, needs and uses defines can be ambiguous
    the approach doesnt not can it clear the diffrerents between gratification sought (GS) and gratification obtained (GO) , e.g what we want from social media and what we actually get out of social media. There are times when we are under-gratficated or over-gratfied.
  • some indivudal presist with social media even when they are not getting what they want out of it (study)
  • put emphasis on the active users and non active users
  • it relies on self report but a lot of the time people dont know why they use certain social medias
  • does not consider other factors e.g habits.
  • the approach is helpful to a point but why people use social media is more complex
48
Q

what is social capital?

A

-the resources you can accumulate through your interactions with other people
- its argued that social media can help us Gain more social captial

49
Q

what are the types of social capital?

A

-Bridging social capital: weaker ties, not usually for emotional support but can be helpful in other ways such as providing info. They are not our close firends.
-Bonding social capital: close tie relationships, emotionally close and tight knit
-Maintenance social capital: ties with people you used to know face to face but now have an online relationship with

50
Q

What is thr social enhancement or rich-get richer hpyothesis of social captical accumlation ?

A
  • people who are good socially offline extend this when they are onlineand will gain the most benfit from interacting online
51
Q

what is the social compensation or the poor get richer hypothesis of social capital?

A
  • those who struggle to socialise offline may be able to compensate for this online and gain the most from online interactions.
52
Q

what is evdience for poor get richer?

A

-Ellison, Steinfield and Lampe, (2007) positive relationship between bonding social capital and Facebook intensity.
-more facebook intensity there was an increase in bridging social captial in both people with low self esteem and high self esteem, but it was more pronoun in the people with low sef esteem
- a year later the same students were re-exmine d and facebook intensity stil predicted bridging social captial
- facebook intensity is the time spent, number of facebook fiends, and how connected you feel to the site- this a limited scale
- also facebook is very connected to our offline person, therfore facebook might limit how much social captial we can gain.

53
Q

what is evidence of richer get richer ?

A

shen et al (2015) - examined facebook
-extroverts had more friends but shallower ties (evidence for bridging not bonding )

  • however similar research has got different results, this maybe because they are looking at different features of Facebook or they are defining social capital differently

-wang et al (2018) - extroverts had more friends and made more comments and spent more time messaging others

54
Q

what is the hyperpersonal model of why richer get richer ?

A
  • the hyperpersonal model argues that online people can present themselves in the best possible way
  • however Facebook is a fairly anchored social media which means you offline self will have to be similar to your online self, people are limited to how fair they can deviate from their true self
  • therefore people with high social capital may benefit more on Facebook because it presents are fairly true self
55
Q

so who is better off, is it the poorer get richer or the richer get richer ?

A

-its difficult to say as research varies with results
- this may be because result is suing different measures
- people with different social capital will use different social media it we should focus on the use of this and what features they are using
- e.g people with high extroversion may be better at bridging but not bonding

56
Q

what are the issues with the poor or rich debate?

A
  • research said extroverts are rich and introverts are poor, however there is no clear reason for that. we should look at people who want to interact with other and then there ability to do that to be able to define rich and poor. Maybe introverts make have no desire to interact with others therefore this doesn’t make them poor, just means they have different wants. The poor should be defined as people that want to interaction however struggle, not the people who choice not too.
  • also there are many definitions of social capital and different measures
  • we also should be differentiate between type of site use, e.g why people are using that site, which features are they using
57
Q

what is problematic internet use ? (PIU)

A

-it has lots of different names, it has not been standardised in the literature
- we are defining it with Griffiths 2005 model of addition -6 components of additions
1. salience (always thinking about it, when can i next do it, its a dominant thinking, feeling and behaviour )
2. mood modification ( the additions changes their mood, can get a buzz or a numbing effect)
3.tolerance ( need more of the addition to get the original effect )
4. withdraw ( physical and psychological effects, e.g irritable or the shakes).
5. conflict - (there is some kind of conflict e.g family and friends or work, or school)
6. relapse - ( can stop but go back to destructive behaviour )

58
Q

what is examples of PUI and griffiths 2005 addition model?

A

1, salience - Wu et al (2020) found online gamers craving gaming and food equally.
2.mood modification - cohen et al (2019) young women looking at Instagram post that were body positive increase their their mood positively.
3.king et al (2017) found gamers had to receive more game rewards the more they played to get the same mood codification they got originally.
4. withdraw - Osborne et al (2016) people with internet addiction experienced deceases in positive mood and increase in anxiety following internet deprivation. Once they were allowed back on the internet they were asked of name a colour. They name the dominant colour of the website they were addicted too ( demonstrating salience )
5. conflict - Truzoli et al (2020) high PIU students had low motivation for learning and high levels of exam stress.
6. relapse - Griifiths (2010) due to internet addition a case study lost his wife and children, and every time he tried to stop, he relapsed.

59
Q

why is it hard to measure PIU ?
- what has PIU been linked too?

A
  • there are multiple tool to study PIU in the literature so its not standardized across research. Different researchers use different definitions.
  • there is also cross culture variations
  • in 2018 1 measure for PIU was used in 9 different countries and the overall prevalence was 25%, the UK had the highest with 54.9% and lowest in German with 14.3%.
  • linked to worst job performance
    -poor health related to quality of life
    – depression, anxiety, social isolation, sleep issues and lower immune system function
60
Q

what does Griffiths argue about internet addiction ?

A
  • he argues we are not addicted to the internet, instead individuals get addicted to the use of the internet. e.g online gambling, you are not addition to being online, you are addicted to gambling. Online shopping, means your are addicted to shopping.
  • we are not addicted to the internet as a whole, its what we use the internet for that we are addicted too.
61
Q

PIU methodology evaluations ?

A
  • incoherent definitions and terminology
  • too many measures used, one 1 that is standardized
  • the literature focused on the factors involved in PIU however not the causes
  • Griifiths argues research focuses too much on time spend online instead of what is being done online and he argues that internet use researches should be guided by addiction research.
62
Q

what is the compensatory internet use cybertheory for PIU ?

A
  • Kardeflet- winther (2014) - argues the online world is used as a compensatory mechanism
  • people that feel like they don’t get what they are looking for offline may move online to compensate for this.
  • older people may believe younger people are addicted however this may just be a generational shift
  • however when people use the internet to seek relief it becomes ‘addition like ‘>
63
Q

what is the use and gratification cybertheory for PIU ?

A
  • the dependence begins to alleviate boredom and loneliness or to seek validation
  • if high levels of gratification is obtained this can lead to dependence or addition
  • it could be argued that dependency comes from gratification combined with social pressure. Social pressure maybe why you got on the internet in the first place. ege ocial media
  • the way online games are set up it can give you an immediate dopamine release which can causes habit forming. Dating apps can do the same, when you see someone attractive it gives you a dopamine release which can cause a habit formed. Even more dopamine is released when you are liked back.
64
Q

what is the hyperpersonal model cybertheory for PIU ?

A
  • due to multiple factors online interaction can develop faster and be more intense then the offline equivalent
  • for people who don’t feeling socially skilled, there may prefer online interaction, and over time depend on the online world for interaction and validation
65
Q

what is the online disinhibition cybertheory for PIU ?

A
  • student with PIU had increased levels of disinhibtion and lower self-esteem
    online dishibition has been linked to the attractiveness of cybersex becuase we have the ability to present different genders, oreintations, and change other aspects we couldnt do in the flesh in real life (offline )
  • could help shy indivudals to feel more socialble online
66
Q

what are risk factors for having PUI?

A
  • gender - more common in men that women, however social media more women.
    -age- younger - different ages use the internet for different uses
    -culture - different prevalence in different cultures
    -big 5- high neuroticism = high PIU. High extroversion and consciousness = low PIU. Extroversion linked low with being anyomous online.
  • dark triad - people who scored high in machailvellanism ( high manipulation) links to PIU
    -executive function - PIU links to impairment of inhibition control
67
Q

Vondrackova and Gabrehelik (2016) - what was their prevention plan for PIU?

A
  • preventive work should focus of children and adolescents first as a part of their schooling.
  • second groups that should be focused on in students in higher education
  • we should identify specific groups in the population that are at risk and their support should be specific to them
  • people vulnerable to PIU should have training in:
  • internet use skills= self control, maldaptive thought recognition, reduction in expectation of positive outcomes
    -increased ability to manage stress, emotions and interpersonal skills, time management
  • encouragement to take part in offline creative groups

the trainers should learn how to maintain a close supportive relationships and be able to spot problematic use

68
Q

Kuss et al (2021) what was their intervention plan?

A
  • CBT based
  • others were medications, psotive psychology interventions, electro-acupunture, virtual reality treatments
    -all helped reduce PIU
69
Q

Neurodiveristy and PIU links?

A
  • autism spectrum conditions (ASC)
  • some traits that come with ASC (e.g detail orientation and concentration skills ) are desirable for tech based employers.
    -over 60% of ASC werent using the internet for social media or social reasons
    -people with ASC are more at risk for cyberbullying.
    -Gillespier -lych et al (2014) found that individuals with ASC preferred online communication because they believed it increased their comprehensions, control of interaction and the increased time to think about their interaction helped.
  • it was also found that ASC individual felt they could be the truest version of them-self online and didn’t have to pretend to be different. Offline they felt like they had to hide themselves, however online they didn’t have to hide and could find people with similar interests. It was unexpected that being able to be anonymous wasnt a draw for ASC people.
  • although it has been shown that people high on the spectrum for autism have high rates of PIU, and people with high anxiety have high PIU, people who scored high on both had less PIU - future research will lokk into why?

ADHD- there is little difference between ADHD and non-ADHD adolescents and internet use. Individuals with ADHD reported high levels of cyber bullying. ADHD ahs been linked to PIU. Could be linked to instinct gratification e.g im bored so i will go online.

Schizotypy - mild version of schizophrenia - more susceptible to conspiracy theories which people are increasingly exposure to on the internet.
- people with schizotypy who had high levels of impulsive non-conformity had a corrlation to PIU and dpression and anxiety
- schizotypy people who also had high levels of introvertive anhedonia ( not feeling much enjoyment day to day ) also linked to PIU, depression and anxiety .

70
Q

computers and memory?

A
  • are memory is worsening with internet
  • transactive memory is when 2 or more people can only remember someone when they talk to each other and about and piece the memory back together together. The internet has become a key part of transactive memory, e.g looking a old social media post will remind you of someone, it acts like a trigger. The issue is what if you cant go online, how do you remember the memories without the trigger. We rely less on people and more the inernet.
    -sparrow et al (2011) found people don’t learn facts anymore people you can just look it up
  • we can learn stuff online that isn’t factual. We can alter our memories because of what we saw on the internet.
  • maybe its a good thing, less cognitive resources on thing are not that important
71
Q

internet and cognition ?

A
  • the internet is good but only when we can access it. If we have a problem we can go online and have a massive audience to give us advice. However its decreasing our ability to sustain attention and ignore distraction.
  • internet can increase creativity.
    -more options and cultural input - hard to do this offline
  • the further you phone is away from you the better you perform in cognitive tests, even when the phone was turned off and faced down, it still has the ability to distract
72
Q

what is sex, morality and the internet?

A
  • concerns about the effects of porn and the expectations that comes with it
  • effects the reference of body image, expectations and appropriate sexual situations
  • a swedish study asked adolescents about the effect porn had on their expectations. Porn was forming a script about what to expect in a sexual relationship however they understood it was unrealistic
  • miller 2019 asked men who watched a lot of porn if they thought the scenrios in porn is actually likely to happen and they all believed they were highly likely, e.g young teacher and a student
    can lead to copycat behaviours - try to get an online community copy catting offline.
73
Q

what is fullwood et al (2019) suggest about lurkers ?

A
  • they suggested that identifying someone as lurker or non lurker was way to narrow, and it should be thought as a continnum from lurker to poster
  • looking at it as a continuum allows them to see a number of factors that influences participation
  • other factors then ‘meeting goal without contribution ‘ was :
  • poor sense of community
    -struggle with self expression
    -privacy concerns
  • hard to access and use
  • health preventing issues
  • waiting to feel more apart of the community
  • lack of time

Their study found that the people who were less likely to write an original post were the people who could achieve their goal without contributing, people who were concerned about privacy and people with a poor sense of community

Evolutionary relationship psychology (4 decks)

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