M4 - MICRONUTRIENTS (VITAMINS) Flashcards
VITAMINS came from the old term _____ which means ____ and ____
vitamine;
vital;
amine
Came from the old term “vitamine” which means
vital and amine
VITAMINS
Organic molecules required in small amount
VITAMINS
VITAMINS is an organic molecules required in _______
small amount
Vitamins is required in small amount, specifically what measurement?
µg to mg
Function of vitamins
Biosynthetic precursors
VITAMIN functions as Biosynthetic precursors which is a cofactor for several _______
enzymatic reactions
T/F: In the absence/deficiency of a specific enzyme,
enzymatic reactions occur or proceed at
a faster rate
F; DO NOT occur or proceed at
a SLOW rate
Sources of vitamins
Diet;
Intestinal Flora
T/F: DIET is the source of ALL vitamins
F; majority of vitamins; except for Vit. D
Why is vitamin D cannot be acquired from diet?
because Vit D is acquired from sunlight
What vitamin/s can be acquired from intestinal flora (enteric bacteria)
Vit K and Nicotinamide
What are the 2 Classification of vitamins
→ Fat-Soluble
→ Water-Soluble
What is the solubility of FAT-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
Fats
What is the solubility of WATER-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
Water
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS are stored in ____
liver
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS are stored in liver because this is where ___ are ___
fats;
stored
T/F: WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS are stored in the body
F; Not stored in the
body
Why WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS are not stored in the body?
because they are readily excreted in the urine due to its
↑solubility to water
FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS: ____ (excreted/not excreted)
NOT excreted
Why is FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS not excreted
Because they need to dissolved/metabolize the fats where the vitamins are dissolved before it can be excreted
Increase in concentration/ toxicity in FAT-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
Hypervitaminosis
T/F: Increase in concentration/ toxicity in WATER-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS is unlikely
T
MAJOR VITAMINS UNDER FAT-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
A, D, E, K
MAJOR VITAMINS UNDER WATER-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
B and C
MAJOR VITAMINS UNDER WATER-SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
B and C
VITAMIN A is any group of compounds with ____ with ____
20-carbon;
ß-ionone ring
How many carbon does vitamin A contain
20
Any group of compounds with 20-carbon with ß-ionone ring
VITAMIN A
contains: Isoprenoid side chain with functional
group
20-carbon with ß-ionone ring
The 20-carbon with ß-ionone ring of Vitamin A
→ contains: ______ with ______ (terminal ___)
Isoprenoid side chain;
functional group;
C-15
subs. that shows the same vit. activity
Vitamers
Vitamers of Vitamin A
Retinoids
collective term for the compounds with
Vit. A activity
Retinoids
T/F: Retinoids only differs on the functional group
present on the isoprenoid side chain
T
Types of retinoids
Retinol
Retinal
Retinoic Acid
Retinyl ester
Retinoids with an alcohol group (R=CH2OH)
Retinol
Retinoids with an aldehyde group
Retinal
Retinoids with carboxylic acid group
Retinoic Acid
Retinoids with ester group
Retinyl ester
Sources of vitamin A
Pigmented fruits and vegetable;
Animal products
majority of vitamin A are from this source
Pigmented fruits and vegetable
“Pro-vitamin A” or precursor for Vit. A that can be acquired from Pigmented fruits and vegetable
Carotenoids
What specific Carotenoid can be acquired from Pigmented fruits and vegetable
B-carotene
cleaved to form retinol in the intestinal
mucosa
Carotenoids
Carotenoids is aka ___
“Pro-vitamin A
precursor for Vit. A
Carotenoids
Carotenoids cleaved to form ___ in the ____
retinol;
intestinal mucosa
Ingestion of carotenoids provides____ of
the Vit. A requirement of the body
> 50%
most abundant carotenoids
B-carotene
Form of Vit A that can be acquired from Animal products
retinyl esters
Functions of Vitamin A
● Visual cycle
● Cellular growth and differentiation
● Reproductive system
VITAMIN A:
In visual cycle, ___ are reduced to ___ by the action of
____ which happens in the ___ of the eyes
Retinol
retinal
NAD reductase
rods
VITAMIN A:
The retinal will form ___ with _____ forming ____
complex;
opsin;
rhodopsin
essential component which allows
dimlight vision
rhodopsin
Vit. A deficiency will result to ____ which is night blindness
Nyctalopia
night blindness
Nyctalopia
What are the 4 phases involved in the Absorption, Storage and Distribution of Vitamin A
- Intestinal Lumen
- Intestinal mucosal cell
- Liver
- Extrahepatic cell
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
- In diet, we acquire ingested _____
(_____) or ______.
pro-vitamin;
carotenoids;
retinyl ester
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
- Ingested _____ (from fruits and vegetables)
will be reabsorbed by ______
ß-carotene;
intestinal mucosal cells.
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
- In the intestinal mucosal cell, B-carotene will
be _____ to form ____ and further
cleaved to form _____
cleaved;
retinal;
retinol
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
- Ingested _____, will be cleaved to form
_____, which will be absorbed by the
______
retinyl ester;
retinol;
intestinal mucosal cell.
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
- The absorbed retinol has two fates, either:
- It can be ____ to form ____
- It can be ____to ______
reduced; retinal
converted; retinyl ester
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
- The ____ formed in the ____ will also be
converted to _____
retinol;
ß-carotene;
retinyl ester
storage form of Vit. A
Retinyl ester
Retinyl ester is the storage form of Vit. A,
particularly the form ______
palmitate
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
- The retinyl ester formed will be transported to
the ____ for storage (____%). The remaining _____%
are converted back to _____
liver; 90%
10%; retinol
T/F: The remaining 10% of the retinyl ester formed will be converted back to retinol, if only the body requires Vitamin A
T
VITAMIN A: Absorption, Storage and Distribution:
- The retinol from the liver will go to the
______ wherein it has two phase: - It will be ____ again to______
- It will be converted to _____ to ______
extrahepatic cells;
converted; retinyl ester
retinal; retinoic acid
Increased Level in Vitamin A
● Liver Damage
● Excessive intake
Decreased Level in Vitamin A
Nyctalopia
Xerophthalmia
Keratomalacia
Growth retardation
Dermatitis
Fat malabsorption
AKA night
blindness.
Nyctalopia
prolonged/chronic Nyctalopia may lead to ______
total blindness
condition wherein the conjunctiva becomes dry
with small gray plaques with foamy surfaces called ________
Xerophthalmia;
Bitot spots
results
to ulceration and
necrosis of the cornea
Keratomalacia
Keratomalacia results to ____ of cornea
opacity
VITAMIN A:
_____ (inc/dec) intake of carotenoids/carotenes is ____ (toxic/not toxic)
Increased
not toxic
VITAMIN A:
↑intake of carotenoids/carotenes is not toxic
unlike ↑intake of vit. A itself because carotenes
has:
→ _____
→ _____
→ Poor absorption
→ Limited conversion
VITAMIN A:
Chronic excessive intake of ____ will
produce _____
carotenoids;
carotenemia
yellowish discoloration of the skin
carotenemia
Method used in the Laboratory Analysis of Vitamin A
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC)
Using this method we can measure two forms
of vit. A
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC)
What are the two forms of Vitamin A that can be measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC)
Retinol
Retinyl esters
most commonly measured form of vitamin A
Retinol
Form of Vitamin A that assesses toxicity
Retinyl esters
4th vitamin to be discovered
VITAMIN D
Order of the discovery of vitamins
→ 1st = Vitamin A
→ 2nd = Vitamin B
→ 3rd = Vitamin C
→ 4th = Vitamin D
AKA “Sunshine Vitamin”
VITAMIN D
2 sterol derivative of Vitamin D
7-dehydrocholesterol;
Ergosterol
intermediate of cholesterol biosynthesis
7-dehydrocholesterol
7-dehydrocholesterol is synthesized by the ___
body
2 sterol derivative (7-dehydrocholesterol):
When ___ are synthesized,
7-dehydrocholesterol is also formed. In the
____ , in the presence of _____ from the _____,
they are converted to ______
cholesterol;
skin;
UV rays;
sun;
cholecalciferol
cholecalciferol is aka Vit. ___ ?
Vit. D3
plant sterol of Vitamin D
Ergosterol
2 forms of Vitamin D
- Cholecalciferol or Vitamin D3
- Ergocalciferol or Vitamin D2
natural form of Vit. D
Cholecalciferol or Vitamin D3
artificial form of Vit. D
Ergocalciferol or Vitamin D2
Cholecalciferol or Vitamin D3
(natural) is produced by the ___
body
Ergocalciferol or Vitamin D2
(artificial) is Formed by _______ (_____)
irradiating ergosterol (plant cells)
used in pharmaceutical products
ergosterol
T/F: Overexposure to sunlight will CAUSE
hypervitaminosis D (inc. vit. D)
F; will NOT cause
T/F: Overexposure to sunlight will CAUSE
hypervitaminosis D (inc. vit. D)
F; will NOT cause
Overexposure to sunlight will not cause
hypervitaminosis D (inc. vit. D), why?
bec. it still
depends on the amount of 7-dehydrocholesterol
present in the body
biosynthesis of cholecalciferol is a process
called ____
photochemical cleaving
product in photochemical cleaving
cholecalciferol
VITAMIN D ACTIVATION:
- The _____ formed (____form) from the
____is transported to the _____by two ____
which are _____ and ______
cholecalciferol;
inactive;
skin;
liver;
proteins;
cholecalciferol binding globulin (CBG);
Vitamin D binding globulin
What are the two proteins that transports cholecalciferol from the skin to the liver
cholecalciferol binding globulin (CBG) and
Vitamin D binding globulin
VITAMIN D ACTIVATION:
- In the liver, cholecalciferol are ______ to form
______ or _____
hydroxylated;
25-hydroxycholecalciferol;
calcidiol
major transport form of Vit. D
25-hydroxycholecalciferol or calcidiol
VITAMIN D ACTIVATION:
- In the kidney, the _____ are
further hydroxylated by ______ to form
_____ (____)
25-hydroxycholecalciferol;
α-1-hydroxylase;
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol)
enzyme produce by
PCT of the kidneys
α-1-hydroxylase
classified now as a hormone. AKA activated Vit. D3
Calcitriol
Calcitriol is AKA
activated Vit. D3
VITAMIN D: Function (Calcitriol)
Calcium and phosphate homeostasis
Vitamin D functions in Calcium and phosphate homeostasis of what tissue/organ
Bone
Intestine
Kidneys
Vitamin D function (calcitriol):
Bone: ___
: increased bone resorption
Vitamin D function (calcitriol):
Intestine: __
: increase absorption
Vitamin D function (calcitriol):
Kidneys: __
decrease excretion
VITAMIN D:
INCREASED LEVEL:
____
____
____
Hypercalcemia
Renal Damage
Heart Damage
VITAMIN D:
DECREASED LEVEL: __
● Hypoparathyroidism
● Liver Disease
● Anticonvulsant drugs
● Rickets
● Osteomalacia
Due to ↑ Ca
Renal Damage
INCREASED LEVEL:
Patients with renal damage are prone to have _____/_____
kidney stones/renal calculi
Due to
presence of
calcified
stones in the
arteries (can
lead to death)
Heart Damage
condition wherein the bones are very soft,
pliable, and deformed
Rickets
Rickets occur in ____
children
adult rickets
Osteomalacia
Osteomalacia occurs in ___
adult
Methods used in the laboratory analysis of VITAMIN D
→ Liquid Chromatography with tandem mass
spectrophotometry (LC-MS/MS)
→ Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
most commonly measured form of VITAMIN D
Calcitriol
VITAMIN D: (LAB ANALYSIS)
Reference value of Calcitriol
22-42 ng/mL
VITAMIN E is AKA
tocopherols
● aka tocopherols
VITAMIN E
tocopherols came from words ___ & ____
tokos
pheris
tokos means
childbirth
pheris means
to bear
in the past, _____ is believed to be
required for ____ on some animals but not on
_____
Vit. E
fertility
human
T/F: in the past, Vit. E is believed to be
required for fertility on some animals but not on
human
T
Old Term of Vitamin E
: anti-sterility vitamin
Most potent biological antioxidant
VITAMIN E
primary defense against potentially harmful
oxidations that can cause disease and aging
VITAMIN E
What are the vitamers (isomers) of Vitamin E
- α-tocopherol
- ß-tocopherol
- γ-tocopherol
- δ-tocopherol
most potent and abundant form of Vitamers (isomers) of Vitamin E
α-tocopherol
Major sources of Vitamin E
Vegetable oil, nuts
Required in Absorption of Vitamin E
bile salts and dietary lipids
Vitamin E functions as: (4)
Antioxidant
Protect RBCs from hemolysis
Antiatherogenic
Neuromuscular function
Scavenges free radicals
Antioxidant function of VITAMIN E
Breaking lipid peroxidation chain
Antioxidant function of VITAMIN E
cleavage of FA at
unsaturated sites (w/ double bonds) by
adding oxygen across the double bond
and formation of free radicals
Peroxidation
cleavage of _____ at
_____ sites (w/ _____) by
adding ____ across the double bond
and formation of ______
FA;
unsaturated
double bonds
oxygen
free radicals
T/F Vit E can strengthen cell membrane
T ( FUNCTION: Protect RBCs from hemolysis)
