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Nursing of Adults I > Chapter 36: Hypertension > Flashcards

Chapter 36: Hypertension Flashcards

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1
Q

complication of hypertension affecting penis

A

erectile dysfunction

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2
Q

complication which arises from a compensatory mechanism that strengthens cardiac contraction and increases cardiac output, and the increased contractility increases myocardial work and oxygen demand

A

left ventricular hypertrophy

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3
Q

changes in endothelial function related to _____________ or ____________ agents can contribute to primary hypertension

A

vasoconstricting, vasodilating

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4
Q

stages of hypertension: normal

A

<120 systolic AND <80 diastolic

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5
Q

moderate use of alcohol has ______________ qualities

A

cardioprotective

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6
Q

assessment and interventions for hypertensive crisis (6)

A
  1. baseline VS, O2 saturation, bloodwork
  2. continuous BP and ECG monitoring
  3. heart and breath sounds
  4. insert IV
  5. IV antihypertensive medications as ordered
  6. O2 per agency protocol
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7
Q

this type of hypertensive crisis does NOT show evidence of target organ disease

A

hypertensive urgency

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8
Q

in this complication, BP exceeds the ability to autoregulate, causing sudden dilation of cerebral vessels, increasing capillary permeability, and eventually causing cerebral edema

A

hypertensive encephalopathy

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9
Q

for every 1 kg of weight lost, BP drops by ___ mmHg

A

1

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10
Q

hypertension is more prevalent in these gender groups

A

men in young adulthood and early middle age
women 65 and older

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11
Q

two examples of cerebrovascular disease (complication of hypertension)

A

stroke, transient ischemic attack

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12
Q

1 drink is equivalent to

A

12 oz regular beer
5 oz wine (12%)
1.5 oz 80-proof distilled spirits

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13
Q

how to calculate MAP

A

MAP= (SBP + 2DBP)/3

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14
Q

two renal problems that can cause secondary hypertension

A
  1. renal artery stenosis
  2. glomerulonephritis
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15
Q

three hidden sources of sodium to identify

A

medications, toothpaste containing baking soda, prepared and packaged foods

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16
Q

restricting sodium to _________ mg/day can reduce BP even further

A

1500

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17
Q

hemodynamic hallmark of hypertension is _____________________________

A

persistently increased systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

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18
Q

goal for hypertensive crisis is to decrease MAP by no more than ________% or to _________ mmHg

A

20-25, 110-115

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19
Q

manifestations of retinal damage (4)

A

arteriovenous nicking, narrowing of retinal arterioles, hemorrhages or exudates, papilledema

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20
Q

(decreased/increased) SNS activity can contribute to primary hypertension

A

increased

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21
Q

complication in which the heart’s compensatory mechanisms are overwhelmed, and the heart can no longer pump enough blood to meet demands

A

heart failure

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22
Q

causes of hypertensive crisis (8)

A
  1. acute aortic dissection
  2. drug use (cocaine, amphetamines)
  3. exacerbation of chronic hypertension
  4. head injury
  5. MAOIs are taken with tyramine-containing foods
  6. pheochromocytoma
  7. preeclampsia, eclampsia
  8. rebound hypertension from abrupt withdrawal of some antihypertensive drugs
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23
Q

abdominal complications of hypertension

A

aneurysm, aortic dissection

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24
Q

excess sodium intake decreases effectiveness of certain _______________

A

antihypertensive drugs

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25
Q

5-10% cases of hypertension

A

secondary hypertension

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26
Q

elevated BP with a specific cause

A

secondary hypertension

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27
Q

this complication results from ischemia from narrowing of renal blood vessels which causes atrophy of tubules, destruction of glomeruli, and eventual nephron death

A

nephrosclerosis

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28
Q

three preventative measures against hypertension complications

A

eye exams, kidney function tests, keep appointments with HCP

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29
Q

overproduction of ______________ hormones can contribute to primary hypertension

A

sodium-retaining

30
Q

early sign of nephrosclerosis

A

nocturia

31
Q

most common cause of the complication cerebrovascular disease

A

atherosclerosis

32
Q

two symptoms of peripheral vascular disease

A

intermittent claudication, faint or absent peripheral pulses

33
Q

hypertension is highest in this ethnic group

A

blacks

34
Q

Repeated __________ may cause development of hypertension more often

A

stress

35
Q

increased ___________ intake can contribute to primary hypertension

A

sodium

36
Q

how often should a patient with hypertension see the provider

A

every 3 months

37
Q

increased BP initially occurs with an increase in ___________ or _____________

A

cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR)

38
Q

manifestations of hypertensive crisis (8)

A

blurred vision, chest pain, confusion, dyspnea, headache, nausea and vomiting, nosebleeds, seizures

39
Q

complication in which hypertension disrupts coronary artery endothelium, resulting in rigid arterial wall with narrowed lumen

A

coronary artery disease

40
Q

five drugs that can cause secondary hypertension

A
  1. estrogen replacement therapy
  2. oral contraceptives
  3. corticosteroids
  4. NSAIDs
  5. SNS stimulants
41
Q

90-95% cases of hypertension

A

primary hypertension

42
Q

seven complications of hypertensive emergency

A

renal failure, retinopathy
heart failure, intracranial/subarachnoid hemorrhage
encephalopathy
MI
dissecting aortic aneurysm

43
Q

hypertensive crisis is defined as systolic BP >___ mmHg and/or diastolic BP >___ mmHg

A

180, 120

44
Q

elevated BP without an identified cause

A

primary (essential, idiopathic) hypertension

45
Q

women should limit their alcohol intake to

A

1 drink a day

46
Q

this type of hypertensive crisis shows evidence of target organ disease and most often requires hospitalization

A

hypertensive emergency

47
Q

stages of hypertension: stage 1

A

130-139 systolic OR 80-89 diastolic

48
Q

nutrition and diet recommendations

A

plant-based and Mediterranean diets with increased fruits, nuts, vegetables, legumes, lean proteins (fish/vegetables)
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet

49
Q

how often muscle strengthening activities should be done

A

at least twice a week

50
Q

muscle strengthening activities can reduce SBP by ________

A

4-9 mmHg

51
Q

Hypertension is more common in patients who have _____________

A

diabetes

52
Q

manifestations of SEVERE retinal damage (3)

A

blurred vision, retinal hemorrhage, vision loss

53
Q

healthy adults should restrict sodium intake to _________ mg/day

A

2300

54
Q

cardiovascular benefits can be seen _____________ of stopping nicotine products

A

within 1 year

55
Q

increasing _________ and ____________ intake are associated with lower BP

A

potassium, calcium

56
Q

three endocrine problems that can cause secondary hypertension

A
  1. pheochromocytoma
  2. Cushing syndrome
  3. thyroid disease
57
Q

three neurologic problems that can cause secondary hypertension

A
  1. brain tumors
  2. stroke
  3. TBI
58
Q

stages of hypertension: prehypertension (elevated)

A

120-129 systolic AND <80 diastolic

59
Q

manifestations/assessment findings of nephrosclerosis (5)

A

microalbuminuria, proteinuria, microscopic hematuria, high serum creatinine (≥1.5 mg/dL), high BUN

60
Q

syndrome in which a sudden rise of BP is associated with severe headache, nausea, vomiting, seizures, confusion, and/or coma

A

hypertensive encephalopathy

61
Q

stages of hypertension: stage 2

A

≥140 systolic OR ≥90 diastolic

62
Q

____________ than ideal body weight can contribute to primary hypertension

A

greater

63
Q

Salty Six foods to avoid

A

bread products, lunch meat and cured meats, pizza, soup, sandwiches, poultry

64
Q

hypertensive urgency may be associated with these three conditions

A

stable angina, chronic heart failure, prior MI or CVA

65
Q

___________ BP rises progressively with age

A

systolic

66
Q

physical activity recommended per week

A

150 minutes moderate exercise OR 75 minutes vigorous exercise

67
Q

in this complication, hypertension speeds up the process of atherosclerosis in peripheral blood vessels

A

peripheral vascular disease

68
Q

After age 50, SBP >___ mmHg is more important cardiovascular risk factor than diastolic BP

A

140

69
Q

men should limit their alcohol intake to

A

2 drinks a day

70
Q

more severe complications can occur when hypertension and _____________ coexist

A

diabetes

71
Q

eight common causes of secondary hypertension

A
  1. cirrhosis
  2. coarctation or congenital narrowing of aorta
  3. drug-related
  4. endocrine problems
  5. neurologic problems
  6. pregnancy-induced
  7. renal disease
  8. sleep apnea
72
Q

risk of hypertension increases with _______________ obesity

A

central abdominal

Nursing of Adults I (21 decks)

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