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Psyc 350A > Lecture 6: Conception, Pregnancy and Childbirth > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Conception, Pregnancy and Childbirth Flashcards

1
Q

hyaluronidase

A

enzyme secreted by the sperm as they’re swarming the egg. Helps to dissolve the zona pellucida, allows one sperm to penetrate the egg.

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2
Q

second stage labour

A
  • head into birth canal
  • length
  • urge to push
  • crowning
  • episiotomy
  • first breath
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3
Q

psychological effects

A

50% of pregnant people suffer elevated levels of anxiety, depression, and grief

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4
Q

first stage labour

A
  • effacement of cervix
  • dilation of cervis
  • length 2-24 hours
  • 12-15 hrs 1st pregnancy
  • 8 hrs, 2nd + pregnancy
  • contractions
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5
Q

3rd trimester

A
  • 27-38 weeks

physical changes in pregnant person
- uterus is large and hard
- symptoms from pressure on organs
- aware of fetal activity
- awkwardness
- braxton-hicks contractions
- engagement of head

psychological changes in pregnant person
- impatience, concern, re: health of baby and delivery

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6
Q

the negative factors of parenthood

A
  • childcare is exhausting
  • 35% of babies in USA are born to unmarried women
  • fathers usually help much less than expected
  • post-birth pain in vagina, uterus and breasts
  • new mothers often feel incompetent
  • expectations different than reality
  • little contact with other adults
  • father may feel neglected by mother
  • new mothers feel they don’t live up to “perfect mother stereotype”
  • people blame mothers for infants behaviour
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7
Q

Doula

A

Women’s servant, be present during delivery and labour to provide emotional support and education

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8
Q

what about postpartum sexual function?

A
  • pregnancy and postpartum are a vulnerable time for couples sexual lives
  • changes to sexual function (desire, arousal, lubrication, pain) are common after having a baby
  • greater sexual distress, lower relationship satisfaction, and more depressive symptoms are more likely to experience persistent problems with postpartum sexual function
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9
Q

1st Trimester

A
  • first 12 weeks
  • physical changes in pregnant person
  • breast swelling
  • frequent urination
  • bowel irregularity
  • vaginal discharge
  • nausea
  • fatigue
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10
Q

teen pregnancy in canada

A
  • teen pregnancy rates and teen abortions declined 36.9% from 1996 to 2006
  • was 44/1000 in 2007, 30/1000 in 2017
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11
Q

beginning of labour

A
  • mucous plug discharge
  • reuptured memberanes
  • increase braxton-hicks contractions
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12
Q

Ovulation

A

the egg is picked up by the fimbriae (finger-like structure at the opening of the fallopian tube) and the egg enters the fallopian tube.

The egg must be fertilized within 12-24 hours after its release or the egg will disintegrate

occurs on the 14th day of the menstrual cycle after the egg is released

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13
Q

How frequent do braxton hicks contractions get as you approach labour?

A
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14
Q

the positive factors of parenthood

A
  • women report increase sense of their own strength
  • parenting can be fun and interesting
  • Identifying and developing ability to nurture
  • fathers/partners express admiration and affection for their partner
  • enjoys watching baby develop new skills
  • more abstract than negative factors
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15
Q

Lowest rates of teen pregnancy

A
  • 15-19 year olds
  • PEI (23.4/1000)
  • NB and NL (26/1000)
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16
Q

Zona pellucida

A

thin gelatinous layer that surrounds the egg. Helps to contain the chromosomes, proteins and the fats and nutritious fluids

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17
Q

Key points in fertilization and implantation

A
  • Ovulation, 12-24 hour window
  • Sperm follow chemical signal of the egg
  • Zona Pellucida
  • Hydralurondase
  • Capacitation
  • Implantation
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18
Q

prevention of miscarriage

A
  • early prenatal care
  • detect and treat illness
  • avoid environmental hazards
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19
Q

Biology of Pregnancy

A

Zygote
- fertilized egg
- travels down the fallopian tube
- cell division begins ~36 hours after conception
- implantation occurs 5-7 days later

Embryo
- 2-8 weeks

Fetus
- 8weeks - birth

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20
Q

the father’s experience during the pregnancy

A
  • some research on fathers, very little research on orher relationdship types
  • couvade syndrome
  • couvade ritual
  • psychological changes for fathers in canada
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21
Q

Possible symptoms of Miscarriages

A
  • low back or abdominal pain (dull, sharp or cramping)
  • clot passes through vagina
  • vaginal bleeding
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22
Q

risk factors of miscarriages

A
  • history of psychiatric illness
  • childlessness
  • lack of social support
  • poor relationship adjustment
  • prior preganancy loss
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23
Q

Improving chances of conception

A
  • track ovulation by basal body temperature (temperature will be slightly lower before ovulation and slightly higher the day after ovulation)
  • Time intercourse right at ovulation or 1-2 days before
  • maintain sperm count (2-3 times that week)
  • gravity
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24
Q

Nagele’s Rule

A

The dates of the first day of the last menstrual period + 3 months + 1 week + 1 year

25
Q

Probable signs of pregnancy

A
  • 80-90% correct
  • HCG
  • Hegar’s sign
26
Q

implantation

A

the fertilized egg (zygote) travels down the fallopian tubes and making its way to the uterus for implantation takes 5 days to implant

27
Q

Positive signs

A
  • fetal heartbeat
  • active fetal movement
  • fetal selection
28
Q

highest rates of teen pregnancy

A
  • MB (53.4/1000)
  • NT (78.7/1000)
  • NU (118.8/1000)
29
Q

Miscarriages

A
  • Preterm delivery
  • Estimated up to 1/2 of all fertilized eggs are lost before person knows they are pregnant
  • 15-20% of people who know they are pregnant experience miscarriage
  • Most caused by chromosome problems in fetus
  • other possible causes
  • risk of miscarriage increases with age
  • beginning by 30, greater between 35-40, highest after 40
30
Q

negative emotions of emotional reactions

A
  • fears, anxieties, concerns about pain of childbirth
  • declining body image
  • worry about health
  • lack of an identity (besides “pregnant person”)
31
Q

postpartum issues

A

physical changes
- drastic drop in levels of E and P

psychological changes
- blues, postpartum depression

attachment

postpartum sexuality

32
Q

attitudes toward pregnancy

A
  • attitudes depend on context
  • michelle hebl (2007) field study and survey study
33
Q

third stage labour

A
  • placenta detaches
  • afterbirth expelled
34
Q

role of the partner

A
  • excitement, pride
  • role in pregnancy
  • same concerns as person who gave birth
  • concers re: being present at birth
35
Q

2nd Trimester

A
  • 13 - 26 weeks

physical changes in pregnant person
- decreased symptoms
- constipation, nosebleeds
- expanding belly
- fetal movements
- edema (water retention)
- breasts fully developed (colostrum)

Psychological changes in pregnant person
- calm, well-being, pride, excitement, maternal responsiveness

36
Q

natural childbirth

A
  1. continuity of care with midwife
  2. becoming educated
  3. learning relaxation techniques
  4. learning controlled breathing
  5. social support
37
Q

infertility solutions

A
  • timing, frequency and positions of intercourse
  • fertility drugs
  • assisted insemination
  • sperm donor
  • in vitro fertilization
  • surrogate mother
38
Q

myths about motherhood

A
  • motherhood is completely happy and satisfying
  • being a mother is a woman’s ultimate fulfillment
  • new mothers will feel perfectly component due to her “natural” mothering skills
39
Q

prenatal care

A
  • medical
  • nutrition
  • exercise
40
Q

Positive emotions of emotional reactions

A
  • hoped to be parent, excitement and anticipation
  • “characteristically optimistic” adapt well
  • sense of wonder
  • pregnancy as transition into adulthood
  • social support correlated with psychological and physical well-being
41
Q

treatment of miscarriages

A
  • important to be examined to ensure no tissue remaining in uterus
42
Q

capacitation

A

once the sperm penetrates the zona pellucida - the layer thickens and blocks out the other sperms

43
Q

Cesarean births

A

certain risks higher after c-section
- infection of bladder or uterus
- injury to uterus
- injury to baby

c-section rates can be reduced when hospitals adopt appropriate precautions

44
Q

Obstacles to fertilization

A
  • acidity of the vagina
  • some are deformed
  • swimming against currents of fallopian tubs
  • wrong fallopian tube
45
Q

Presumptive signs of pregnancy

A
  • missed period, breast tenderness, nausea, more frequent urination, fatigue
  • missed period + 2 others = 67% probability of pregnancy
46
Q

Psychological aspects of infertility

A

daniluk (2001) emotional roller coaster

47
Q

breast feeding

A
  • colostrum
  • milk after 2-3 days
  • prolactin
  • ocytoxin
48
Q

sperm follow the chemical signal of the egg

A

egg exerts the chemical to attract the sperm, the sperm lives for 8 days in the body

49
Q

effects of drugs on fetus (teratogens)

A
  • alcohol
  • fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
  • fetal alcohol syndrome
  • smoking
  • marijuana
50
Q

pregnancy during stressful events

A
  • increased risk of premature delivery and low birth weight
51
Q

infertility

A
  • refer to inability to concieve or inability to impregnate a person
  • getting pregnant
  • 20% 1 mo., 50% 6 mo., 80% 1 year
  • causes of infertility
  • 40% female and 40% male
52
Q

sex during pregnancy

A
  • current medical advice
  • changes in sexual behaviour
53
Q

pronatalist view vs choice to be child free

A
54
Q

trauma informed care for childbirth options?

A
55
Q

Caesarean Section (C-section)

A

c-section surgical procedure used for delivery
- baby’s head is too large
- person’s pelvis is too small
- baby is breech or transverse
- cervix is not dilating
- person is nearing exhaustion
- placenta previa

about 28% of births in canada in 2017

56
Q

midwives

A

most baby are delivered by midwives, attend more normal births than obgyn

57
Q

lamaze method

A

relaxation techniques, controlled breathing, how to relax all the muscles during labour to reduce pain

emphasize on education and relaxation techniques

58
Q

home births

A

less stress and more relaxed

Psyc 350A (9 decks)

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