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Lab - Human Structure & Function > Lab Unit 04: The Back > Flashcards

Lab Unit 04: The Back Flashcards

1
Q

Latissimus Dorsi – (Moore 700)

A

• Origin (PA):
SP T7-T12
+ thoracolumbar fascia
+ iliac crest
+ inferior 4 ribs.
• Insertion (DA):
Floor of intertubercular groove of humerus.
Posterior surface of inferior angle of scapula.
• Nerve: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8).
• Action: Extends, adducts, and internally rotates humerus.

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2
Q

Multifidus

A

• Origin: Sacrum + TP C4-L5.
• Insertion: SP C, T, L vertebrae (spanning 2-4 segments).
• Nerve: DR.
• Action:
- Bilaterally: Extension of vertebrae.
- Unilaterally: Contralateral rotation.

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3
Q

Quadratus Lumborum

A 
• Insertion (SA):
   Medial half of inferior border of 12th ribs
   \+ lumbar TP.
• Origin (IA):
   Iliolumbar ligament
   \+ internal lip of iliac crest.
• Nerve: AR T12-L4.
• Action:
   - Extends and laterally flexes vertebral column.
   - Flexes 12th rib during inspiration.
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4
Q

Psoas Major

A 
• Origin (SA):
   Sides of T12-L5 and IV discs
   \+ TP of all lumbar vertebrae.
• Insertion (IA): Lesser trochanter of femur.
• Nerve: AR L1, L2, L3.
• Action: Flexes hip.
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5
Q

Splenius Capitis – ID & Action

A 
• Origin: SP C7-T4.		
• Insertion:
   Mastoid process
   \+ lateral 1/3rd of superior nuchal line.
• Nerve: DR.		
• Action:
   - Bilaterally: Extend head.  
   - Unilaterally: Ipsilateral lateral flexion + ipsilateral rotation.
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6
Q

Splenius Cervicis – ID & Action

A

• Origin: SP T3-T6.
• Insertin: TP C1-C3.
• Nerve: DR.
• Action:
- Bilaterally: Extend cervical spine.
- Unilaterally: Ipsilateral lateral flexion + ipsilateral rotation.

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7
Q

Rotatores – ID & Action

A

• Origin: TP C2 to sacrum.
• Insertion: Lamina of vertebrae 1-2 segments above origin.
• Nerve: DR.
• Action:
- Bilaterally: Extension of vertebrae.
- Unilaterally: Contralateral rotation.

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8
Q

Longissimus Thoracis & Cervicis – ID & Action

A
  • Origin: TP of lumbar vertebrae, TP T1-5.
  • Insertion: TP of all thoracic vertebrae, TP C2-6.
  • Nerve: DR.
  • Action: Extends thoracic & cervical spine.
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9
Q

Longissimus Capitis – ID & Action

A
  • Origin: TP T1-5, C4-C7.
  • Insertion: Mastoid process.
  • Nerve: DR.
  • Action: Extend head.
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10
Q

Iliocostalis Lumborum, Thoracis & Cervicis

– ID & Action

A 
• Origin:
   Sacrum
   \+ iliac crest
   \+ lumbar SP T11/12
   \+ ribs 3-12.
• Insertion: Ribs, TP C4-7.
• Nerve: DR.
• Action: Extends lumbar, thoracic & cervical spine.
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11
Q

Spinalis Thoracis, Cervicis & Capitis

– ID & Action

A 
• Origin:
   SP of upper lumbar & lower thoracic vertebrae
   \+ ligamentum nuchae
   \+ SP C7.
• Insertion:
   SP of upper thoracic vertebrae
   \+ SP of axis
   \+ SP of C3 & C4.
• Nerve: DR.
• Action:
   Extends thoracic & cervical spine
   \+ Extends the head.

(can not separate from Semispinalis Capitis)

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12
Q

Semispinalis Thoracis, Cervicis – ID & Action

A
  • Origin: TP T1-T12.
  • Insertion: SP C2-T4.
  • Nerve: DR.
  • Action: Extends cervical spine.
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13
Q

Semispinalis Capitis – ID & Action

A
  • Origin: TP C7-T7.
  • Insertion: Occipital bone.
  • Nerve: DR.
  • Action: Extend head.
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14
Q

C1 - Atlas

A 
• Anterior tubercle
• Posterior tubercle
• Articular facet for dens
• Anterior arch
• Posterior arch
• Lateral mass
• Superior articular facet
   (of lateral mass for occipital condyle)
• Inferior articular facet
   (of lateral mass for axis)
• Transverse foramen		
• Transverse process (TP)
• Groove for vertebral artery		
• Vertebral foramen
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15
Q

C2 - Axis

A 
• Body				
• Dens / odontoid process
• Anterior articular facet
   (for articulation with anterior arch of atlas)
• Pedicle			
• Superior articular process and facet (for atlas)
• Inferior articular process and facet (for C3)
• Lamina
• Transverse process (TP)
• Transverse foramen
• Spinous process (SP)
• Vertebral foramen
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16
Q

C3 - C7

A
  • Body
  • Uncinate processes
  • Pedicle
  • Transverse process (TP)
  • Anterior tubercle of the transverse process
  • Posterior tubercle of the transverse process
  • Transverse foramen
  • Superior articular process and facet
  • Inferior articular process and facet
  • Lamina
  • Vertebral foramen
  • Spinous process (SP)
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17
Q

Thoracic Vertebra

A
  • Body
  • Pedicle
  • Lamina
  • Spinous process (SP)
  • Transverse process (TP)
  • Vertebral foramen
  • Superior articular process and facet
  • Inferior articular process and facet
  • Superior costal facet
  • Inferior costal facet
  • Transverse costal facet
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18
Q

Lumbar Vertebra

A
  • Body
  • Pedicle
  • Lamina
  • Spinous process
  • Transverse process
  • Vertebral foramen
  • Superior articular process and facet
  • Mammillary process
  • Inferior articular process and facet
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19
Q

Sacrum

A
  • Superior articular process and facet
  • Lumbosacral articular process
  • Base
  • Promontory
  • Ala
  • Median crest
  • Intermediate crest
  • Lateral crest
  • Sacral tuberosity
  • Auricular surface
  • Anterior sacral foramina
  • Posterior sacral foramina
  • Sacral canal
  • Sacral hiatus
  • Apex
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20
Q

Nutation – Definition

A

• = Sacral flexion
(anterior rotation of the sacrum in relation to
the ilium)
• Base of sacrum moves anteriorly + inferiorly
• Occurs WITH trunk flexion or hip extension

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21
Q

Counternutation – Definition

A

• = Sacral extension
(posterior rotation of the sacrum in relation
to the ilium)
• Base of sacrum moves posteriorly + superiorly
• Occurs WITH trunk extension or hip flexion

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22
Q

Coccyx

A

• Transverse process of cocyx

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23
Q

Common characteristics of ALL vertebrae

A
  • Spinous process (SP) (except C1)
  • Superior articular facets
  • Inferior articular facets
  • Transverse process (TP) (2 of them)
  • Pedicles (except C1)
  • Lamina (except C1)
  • Body (except C1)
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24
Q

Unique characteristics of CERVICAL vertebrae

A
  • Bifurcated SPs

* Transverse foramen

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25
Q

Unique characteristics of THORACIC vertebrae

A
  • Costal facets on body & TPs
  • Heart shaped body
  • Long, downward sloping SPs
26
Q

Unique characteristics of LUMBAR vertebrae

A
  • Massive body

* Blunt, horizontally projecting SPs

27
Q

Ligaments

A 
• Apical ligament
• Alar ligament
• Transverse (cruciform) ligament
• Ligamentum Nuchae (nuchal ligament)
• Supraspinous ligament
• Interspinous ligament
• Intertransverse ligament
• Anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)
• Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)
• Ligamentum Flavum
• Sacrotuberous ligament
• Sacrospinous ligament
• Iliolumbar ligament
• Sacroiliac (SI) ligaments
   - Anterior sacroiliac ligament
   - Posterior sacroiliac ligament
   - Interosseous sacroiliac ligament
• Sacrococcygeal ligaments
   - Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
   - Posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
   - Interosseous sacrococcygeal ligaments
28
Q

Nerves

A
  • Posterior horns (Dorsal)
  • Anterior horns (Ventral)
  • Posterior nerve roots and rami (Dorsal)
  • Anterior nerve roots and rami (Ventral)
  • Posterior Root Ganglion (Dorsal)/(DRG)
29
Q

Posterior horns (dorsal)

A

•

30
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

•

31
Q

Posterior nerve roots and rami (dorsal)

A

•

32
Q

Anterior nerve roots and rami (ventral)

A

•

33
Q

Posterior rot ganglion DRG (dorsal)

A

•

34
Q

Cauda equina

A

•

35
Q

Tracts

A
  • Dorsal Column
  • Spinothalamus
  • Corticospinal
36
Q

Dorsal Column (DC)

A
  • receptors on cutaneous proprioception
  • discriminative touch and “body awareness”.
  • Cross midline at caudal medulla
37
Q

Spinothalamus Tract (ST)

A
  • sensory - ascending
  • Pain, temperature + light touch + pressure.
  • Crosses midline at segmental level.
38
Q

Corticospinal Tract (CS)

A

• Descending (Motor) Pathway
– from brain to periphery
• major motor pathway for voluntary movements
(especially skilled or precise movement).
• Motor cortex-internal capsule-cerebral peduncle-deep projection fibers-pyramids.
• Crosses over at the caudal medulla
(decussation of the pyramids)-synapse w/ grey matter in ant. horn

39
Q

Brown Sequard Syndrome – Definition

A

• incomplete spinal cord lesion
• loss of sensation and motor function
(paralysis and anesthesia)
• caused by the lateral hemisection (cutting) of the
spinal cord, often in the cervical cord region
• Light touch, pain and temperature fibers are carried in the spinothalamic tract. These fibers decussate at the level of the spinal cord. Therefore, a hemi-section lesion to the spinal cord will
• loss of these modalities on the contralateral side of the lesion, while preserving them on the ipsilateral side.
• Interruption of the lateral corticospinal tracts:
–> Ipsilateral spastic paralysis below the level of
the lesion
–> Babinski sign ipsilateral to lesion
–>Abnormal reflexes and Babinski sign may not
be present in acute injury.
• Interruption of posterior white column:
–>Ipsilateral loss of tactile discrimination,
vibratory, and position sensation below the
level of the lesion
• Interruption of lateral spinothalamic tracts:
–> Contralateral loss of pain and temperature
sensation. This usually occurs 2-3 segments
below the level of the lesion.

40
Q

Anterior Spinal Artery

A

•

41
Q

Posterior Spinal Arteries

A

•

42
Q

General Spine Ligaments

A
  • Supraspinous ligament
  • Interspinous ligament
  • Intertransverse ligament
  • Anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)
  • Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)
  • Ligamentum Flavum
43
Q

Suprasinous Ligament

A
  • connects tips of SPs

* continous superiorly as ligamentum nuchae

44
Q

Interspinous Ligament

A

• connects vertebral spines

deep to supraspinous lig

45
Q

Intertransverse Ligament

A

• connects TPs

separates anterior & posterior spinal muscles

46
Q

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)

A
  • connects anterior surface of vertebral bodies

* helps limit excessive extension b/n vertebral segments

47
Q

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL)

A
  • connects posterior vertebral bodies

* resists felxion

48
Q

Ligamentum Flavum

A

“yellow ligament”
• connects lamina
• limits flexion
• 80% elastin (yellow color), 20% collagen

49
Q

Cervical Ligaments

A
  • Alar ligament
  • Cruciform ligament (Transverse & Longitudinal)
  • Apical ligament
  • Ligamentum nuchae
50
Q

Alar Ligament

A
  • Dens of C2 –> medial surface of occipital condyles

* Limits Atlanto-Axial rotation

51
Q

Cruciform ligament

A

–> composed of 2 ligs:
• Transverse ligament
- between the lateral masses of C1
- prevents anterior displacement of C1 on C2
- very strong, dens will fracture before transverse ligament tears
• Longitudinal ligament (don’t need to know)
- Foramen magnum –> axis (C2)

52
Q

Apical ligament

A

Dens of C –> foramen magnum

53
Q

Ligamentum Nuchae

A

(nuchal ligament)
• C7 –> external occipital protuberance
• Continuation of supraspinous ligament
• Origin of upper trapezius, rhomboid minor

54
Q

Sacroiliac (SI) Joint stability provided by

A
  • Primary Sacroliliac ligaments
  • Wedging (bony fromations)
  • Articular surface irregularities
  • Accessory Sacroiliac ligaments
55
Q

Nutation

A

sacral promontory moves anteriorly & inferiorly

56
Q

Ligaments preventing nutation

A
  • Interosseous SI ligaments
  • Sacrotuberous ligament
  • Sacrospinous ligament
57
Q

Counternutation

A

sacral promontory moves posteriorly & superiorly

58
Q

Ligaments that prevent prevent counternutation

A

Posterior SI ligaments

59
Q

Lower Lumbar & Sacrum

Anterior view

A

• Iliolumbar ligament

  • TP L4-5 –> iliac crest
  • Insertion of quadratus lumborum

• Sacroiliac ligaments

  • Anterior:
  • -> Ala and pelic surface of sacrum –> auricular surface of ilium
  • Posterior:
  • -> Prevents counternutation
  • Interosseous:
  • -> Prevents nutation
60
Q

Lower Lumbar & Sacrum

A

• Sacrotuberous ligament

  • Sacrum, ilium, coccyx –> ischial tuberosity
  • prevents nutation
  • origin of gluteus maximus & assoc. w/ long head of biceps femoris

• Sacrospinous ligament

  • Sacrum and coccyx –> ischial spine
  • prevents nutation
  • deep to sacrotuberous ligament

• Sacrococcygeal ligaments

  • anterior
  • posterior
  • interosseous

Lab - Human Structure & Function (7 decks)

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