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Chemistry > Using Resources > Flashcards

Using Resources Flashcards

1
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

Meeting our needs today without compromising the ability of people in the future to meet their needs.

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2
Q

What are finite resources?

A

Resources which are not being replaced as quickly as they are being used so will run out.

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3
Q

What are renewable resources?

A

They are resources that are being made quickly enough to be replaced as we use then.

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4
Q

What artificial materials can replace material for clothing?

A

Cotton and wool can be replaced by artificial polymers such as nylon.

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5
Q

What artificial material can construction materials for buildings be replaced with?

A

Wood from trees can be replaced by bricks and steel.

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6
Q

What is an example of a natural food that can be replaced by manufactured food?

A

Meat from animals can be replaced by mycoprotein from fungi grown in fermenters.

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7
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that is safe to drink, it contains dissolved substances including mineral ions and gases.

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8
Q

How is water sterilised?

A
  • Fresh water is filtered
  • Then chlorine or ozone is bubbled through the water to sterilise it / ultraviolet light is used
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9
Q

Why is fresh water treated using filtration and sterilisation?

A

Filtration removes insoluble particles and sterilisation kills harmful microbes.

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10
Q

What is desalination?

A

Removing salts from water that would make it unsafe to drink. It can be carried out using simple distillation or reverse osmosis.

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11
Q

Explain how reverse osmosis works.

A

Water is forced through a partially permeable membrane. This membrane lets water molecules through but not larger molecules, ions, bacteria, viruses or insoluble particles.

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12
Q

Why is desalination only used if fresh water supplies are limited?

A

Desalination and reverse osmosis need a lot of energy.

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13
Q

Describe how to analyse water samples.

A
  • Measure and record the mass of sn empty evaporating basin
  • Add a known volume of a water sample
  • Place the evaporating basin and it’s sample on a tripod and gauze
  • Heat from below using a Bunsen burner
  • Stop heating just before all the water has evaporated
  • Allow to cool, then measure and record the mass of the basin
    This shows the mass of dissolved solids in each sample.
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14
Q

Describe purifying a water sample.

A

Simple distillation to obtain pure water.

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15
Q

Why might a sample not have a pH of 7?

A

It could contain dissolved substances which dissolve to form acidic or alkaline solutions.

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16
Q

Why might a thermometer not show 100 degrees Celsius in boiling distilled water?

A

The thermometer may not be calibrated properly.

17
Q

What is anaerobic digestion?

A

Breaking down substances in the absence of air and oxygen.

18
Q

What is aerobic biological treatment?

A

Treatment that uses living things such as bacteria in the presence of air or oxygen.

19
Q

Why is it easier to obtain potable water from fresh water rather than from waste water?

A

Many more stages are needed to test waste water to make it safe to drink.

20
Q

What is the process of phytomining?

A
  • Plants grow on soil with low concentrations of copper compounds
  • Plants absorb copper ions and concentrate them in their cells
  • Plants are harvested and then burned
  • Ash from burned plants has high concentrations of copper compounds so is processed to produce copper metal
21
Q

What is bioleaching?

A

Some bacteria can absorb copper compounds and obtain energy from them through chemical reactions. These bacteria produce a solution called leachate which has copper compounds in high enough concentrations to make processing worthwhile.

22
Q

How can copper solutions be processed to extract copper?

A

Electrolysis or displacement reactions using scrap iron.

23
Q

Why are low grade ores being used more than high grade ores?

A

High grade ores contain relatively high concentrations of metals but are limited resources and are becoming scarce and so low grade ores are what is left.

24
Q

What is a disadvantage of using alternative methods of extraction?

A

They are slower compared to traditional methods such as mining ore.

25
Q

What is a life cycle assessment?

A

It assesses the environmental impact of four different stages in the lifetime of a product and of the transport and distribution used between them.

26
Q

What are the aims of doing an LCA?

A

Researching alternative methods of manufacture, maintenance and disposal. This includes adapting the designs and sources of energy for a product.

27
Q

Describe the process of an LCA.

A
28
Q

What are the limits of an LCA?

A

Some aspects cannot be easily quantified such as the effects of some pollutants therefore it can be quite subjective.

29
Q

How can an LCA be misused?

A

Manufacturers might use part of an LCA or choose a more favourable LCA in order to support claims about their product or process in advertising.

30
Q

How can limited resources be conserved?

A

Using less of these resources
Reusing products where possible
Recycling products and their parts when they have reached the end of their useful lives

31
Q

When iron is extracted from iron ore in a blast furnace, some scrap steel may be added to the liquid iron. Why?

A

It recycles used steel which reduces the amount or iron ore that must be used.

32
Q

Why are broken bathroom tiles more difficult to recycle than plastic shampoo bottles?

A

Tiles are made from clay ceramics which cannot be melted and reformed but most plastics can be melted and reformed into new products.

33
Q

Explain the process of recycling glass.

A

Collecting and sorting
Crushing
Melting and moulding
New products

34
Q

Explain the process of recycling metal.

A

Collecting and sorting
Melting
Recasting
New products

Chemistry (10 decks)

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