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Food resources (KQ1) Flashcards

1
Q

How do we measure global food consumption patterns?

A
  • food consumption per capita
  • daily calorie intake
  • starchy staple as a % of all calories
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2
Q

What is food consumption per capita and what is recorded for it?

A
  • refers to the average amount of food a person consumes a year
  • measured in kilogrammes (kg/capita/yr)
  • recorded for individual food groups (cereal, meat, vegetables etc)
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3
Q

What is total daily calorie intake?

A
  • represents the total number of calories obtained from food consumption per person each day
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4
Q

What are staple foods?

A
  • food that forms the main part of the diet
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5
Q

Why are staple foods important?

A
  • they supply a major proportion of a person’s energy and nutrient needs
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6
Q

Why do food consumption patterns vary between developed and developing countries (political)?

A
  • stability of food supply
  • food safety
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7
Q

Why do food consumption patterns vary between developed and developing countries (economic)?

A
  • disposable income
  • pricing
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8
Q

What is disposable income?

A
  • the amount of income left to an individual after taxes have been paid
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9
Q

how does economic growth lead to a larger amount and variety of food consumed?

A
  • economic growth –> higher disposable income –> larger amount and variety of food consumed
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10
Q

What happens when there is more disposable income?

A
  • they will consume a larger amount and variety of food (more meat & less cereals)
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11
Q

Why does consumption of meat increase when there is more disposable income?

A
  • meat consumption is associated with wealth and status
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12
Q

What is an example of economic growth leading to consumption of a larger amount and variety of foods?

A
  • 1959 - 1991: Taiwan (LDC) had a high economic growth
  • rice consumption decreased by 1/2
  • meat consumption increased by 4 times
  • fish consumption doubled
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13
Q

When disposable income increases in DCs, how do diets improve?

A
  • quality (not quantity) improve
  • people in DCs are able to afford healthier food
    -e.g. organic food and olive oil
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14
Q

Who is more affected by rising food prices and why?

A
  • LDCs
  • more affected as they have less disposable income
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15
Q

What is an example food prices rising and the impacts of it on DCs and LDCs?

A
  • 2006 - 2008: food prices rose significantly worldwide
  • LDCs could not afford staple food
  • caused decreased consumption
  • In DCs, the effects were not as significant
  • as people could still afford staple foods
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16
Q

Why do food consumption patterns vary between developed and developing countries (socio-cultural)?

A
  • food preferences
  • population growth
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17
Q

How has fast food consumption changed in LDCs (India case study)?

A
  • in 1991, fast food chains like Mcdonald’s and Pizza Hut were allowed to set up in India
  • many people chose fast food over local food
  • in 2009, about US$400 million was spent on fast food
  • generally, fast food consumption has increased
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18
Q

How has fast food consumption changed in DCs

A
  • although fast food is popular, people avoid them as they are unhealthy
  • people are concerned over how it is prepared and processed
  • generally fast food consumption has decreased
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19
Q

What kind of food is preferred by people in DCs?

A
  • organic food
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20
Q

What is organic food?

A
  • food grown without the use of artificial inputs
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21
Q

Why do more people choose organic food in DCs?

A
  • due to the perceived health benefits
  • they want to avoid potentially harmful pesticides used in normal farming methods
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22
Q

What are some examples of demand for organic food?

A
  • in 2011, a survey in the USA revealed that 58% of the population prefer organic food
  • in 2009, a report stated that the demand for organic food has grown by about 20% every year since 1997
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23
Q

How does population growth impact food consumption patterns?

A
  • as population increases, demand for food worldwide increases
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24
Q

How is the world population set to change?

A
  • increase from 7 billion to 10 billion (2050)
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25
Q

Why is the demand for food higher in LDCs than in DCs?

A
  • population growth rates are higher in LDCs (they need more food for more people basically)
26
Q

How do LDCs compare with DCs in terms of food stability?

A
  • less able to ensure food stability
27
Q

Why are LDCs less able to ensure food stability?

A
  • lack of access to technology or finances to implement technology on a large scale
  • unable to import food when prices become too expensive
28
Q

How do DCs compare to LDCs in terms of food stability?

A
  • better than LDCs generally
  • however, DCs like Singapore import 90% of their food supply
29
Q

Who is responsible for food safety?

A
  • government
30
Q

What are some examples of food safety issues?

A
  • 2011 tohoku earthquake (Japan): seafood imports from japan restricted in singapore due to fears of nuclear contamination from damaged nuclear plants
  • mad cow disease (Europe): took place in europe in 1990s, USA and canada in 2005 –> caused decreased consumption of beef
31
Q

What are the different categories of impacts of insufficient food consumption?

A
  • health
  • economic
  • social
  • political
32
Q

What are the health impacts of insufficient food consumption?

A
  • malnutrition
  • starvation
33
Q

What is malnutrition defined as?

A
  • a condition in which the body does not get a sufficient or balanced amount of nutrients needed to maintain healthy tissue and organ function
34
Q

What does malnutrition result in?

A
  • death
  • long-term development problems
35
Q

Who is affected by malnutrition?

A
  • DCs
  • LDCs
36
Q

What are some statistics that demonstrate the impacts of starvation in LDCs?

A
  • 2009: malnutrition was the underlying cause of death in 52.5% of children under 5
  • each year 5 million children under 5 die in LDCs due to malnutrition
  • lack of vitamin A causes blindness and visual impairment
  • 250000-500000 children become blind in LDCs every year due to lack of vitamin A
37
Q

What impact does lack of vitamin A have on children deficient in it?

A
  • unable to attend school due to blindness
  • unable to earn enough in the future
38
Q

How is malnutrition caused in DCs?

A
  • elderly people die due to malnutrition due to their difficulty in digesting or chewing food
  • people with eating disorders (anorexia/bulimia) may also develop it
39
Q

What are some statistics that demonstrate the impacts of malnutrition in DCs

A
  • UK: in 2006 3 million people had osteoporosis due to the lack of vitamin D and calcium
  • US$3.7 million spent on patients with hip fractures
40
Q

What is starvation?

A
  • an extreme form of malnutrition
41
Q

What does starvation result in (health)?

A
  • body becomes extremely thin
  • permanent organ damage
  • eventually death (if not addressed)
42
Q

Why is starvation more common in LDCs?

A
  • more people live in poverty
  • lack of resources to recover from natural disasters
  • rebellions and wars
43
Q

What are some statistics demonstrating the health impacts of starvation?

A
  • 2010: 98% of people facing starvation are from LDCs (Asia-Pacific, Sub-Saharan Africa)
  • 2012: 5 million in Mali were threatened with starvation due to poor harvest and civil rebellion
44
Q

What are the economic impacts of insufficient food consumption?

A
  • lower productivity
  • diversion of financial resources to healthcare
  • long-term debt due to food and financial aid
45
Q

What does productivity refer to?

A
  • the rate at which goods and services are produced
46
Q

How does insufficient food consumption lead to lower productivity which eventually leads to a negative economic impact?

A
  • insufficient food consumption –> fall sick more often –> lower productivity –> lower income
  • children suffering from inadequate food consumption fall sick more often leading them to miss more days of school which leads to a loss of opportunities (education or work)
47
Q

What is a statistic that displays the impact of inadequate food consumption on children’s education (lower productivity category)?

A
  • 1/4 of the world’s children have their development impaired by malnutrition
  • quality schooling cancelled out by malnutrition
48
Q

What is an example of insufficient food consumption’s impact on productivity?

A
  • 2011 report: in countries like India, Sri Lanka, Ethiopia
  • long term low nutrition intake = low productivity
  • farmers less innovative, less experimental, unable to implement improvements in farming
49
Q

How does insufficient food consumption lead to diversion of financial resources to healthcare?

A
  • insufficient food consumption –> fall sick more –> demand for healthcare increases –> healthcare spedning increases –> less resources for education, housing and transport –> economic growth and development decreases
50
Q

What kind of problems does long-term financial aid lead to in receiving countries?

A
  • long-term debt problems
51
Q

What is an example of debt due to financial aid to LDCs?

A
  • USA: contributes 1/2 of all global aid
  • but food supplied is up to 34% more expensive than if bought locally
  • LDCs lost US$5 to 7 billion
  • increased national debt
52
Q

What is the political impact of insufficient food consumption?

A
  • social unrest
53
Q

What is social unrest?

A
  • a political situation in which people protest or behave violently to convey their unhappiness about a political system
54
Q

What is an example of how insufficient food consumption causes social unrest?

A
  • Mozambique: 2010 food prices increased
  • caused by a drought in Russia that caused an increase in the price of wheat sold in Mozambique
  • violent protests ensued with 10 dead and 400 injured
55
Q

What is the social impact of insufficient food consumption?

A
  • scavenging
56
Q

What is scavenging?

A
  • searching through things others dispose of
57
Q

Why to people scavenge?

A
  • to find whatever food they can to eat to survive
58
Q

Why is scavenging bad (dangerous, shunned etc)?

A
  • carries health risks as food may contain bacteria or chemicals
  • places people in dangerous or illegal situation (e.g. trespassing on private property)
  • perceived as a public nuisance
  • verbally or physically harassed
59
Q

What is an example of scavenging?

A
  • Philippines: slum residents of a large landfill known as smokey mountain sift through rubbish for meals
60
Q

What are the impacts of excess food consumption?

A
  • health (obesity)
  • economic (decreased productivity, diversion of financial resources to healthcare) (similar to impacts of insufficent consumption)
  • social (food wastage & dieting)

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