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Fundamentals > Ch. 3 > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Flashcards

0
Q

What does the NG tube help prevent

A

Vomiting and distention caused by reduced peristalsis resulting from general anesthesia

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1
Q

What is the primary purpose of the NG tube?

A

Decompression or removal of flatus and fluids from the stomach

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2
Q

Tubes most commonly used for decompression?

A

Levin and Salem sump tubes

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3
Q

Tube that has one lumen and several openings near the tip

A

Levin

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4
Q

Tube that is double-lumen tube: one lumen provides an air vent, and the other is for removal of gastric contents

A

Salem sump tube

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5
Q

How can u lesson discomfort of the NG tube

A

Secure w/ nose guard and then to gown w/ pin

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6
Q

What other comfort measures can you use other than the nasal guard and pinning?

A

Lubricating the nostrils and tube w/ a water-soluble lubricant to prevent crusting of secretions and removing excess secretions

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7
Q

When inserting a NG tube what position should the patient be positioned

A

High Fowler’s w/ pillow behind head and shoulders

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8
Q

If resistance continues while inserting and NG tube what should u do?

A

Withdraw tube, allow patient to rest, relubricate tube, and insert into other nostril

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9
Q

How far should u insert a tube with each swallow

A

1-2 inches

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10
Q

While inserting w/ an unconscious patient what should you do?

A

Stroke the patient’s neck

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11
Q

How is gagging eased?

A

Swallowing water

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12
Q

What is the most reliable method for determining correct tube placement?

A

X-Ray

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13
Q

How often do you provide mouth care?

A

Every 2 hours

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14
Q

It is important to ensure patient is NPO

A

Check doctors orders to see if patient can chew gum to increase saliva or suck on ice chips

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15
Q

What do you irrigate the NG tube with?

A

Normal saline and an asepto syringe

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16
Q

A balanced diet, including high-fiber foods; a daily fluid intake of 2000-3000 mL; and activity to promote muscle tone and peristalsis

A

Normal bowel elimination

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17
Q

Establishing a routine time for defecation, heeding the urge to defecate, sitting on a commode, and having privacy during elimination

A

Normal patterns of elimination

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18
Q

Eventually causes the intestines to lose the ability to respond to the presence of stool, often resulting in chronic constipation

A

Long-term, routine use of laxatives and cathartics

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19
Q

If hemorrhoids are swollen, what often provides relief?

A

Localized heat

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20
Q

What is the most common form of heat application

A

Sitz bath

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21
Q

What is the most effective measure to promote peristalsis and passage of flatus

A

Walking

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22
Q

What is the primary reason of an enema

A

Promotion of defecation

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23
Q

When inserting a rectal tube what position would you have the patient in

A

Left sims’ (side lying)

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24
Q

Leave the tube in place no longer than

A

30 minutes

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25
Q

When inserting and enema what amount of fluid and what temp should it be administered at

A

750-1000mL @ 105* (Adults)

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26
Q

What temp should the child’s enema be administered at

A

100* to avoid burning rectal tissue

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27
Q

Prior to insertion of an enema what should you have the patient do

A

Breathe out slowly through mouth (promotes relaxation of external rectal sphincter)

28
Q

When an enema is order “until clear” what is the max number of enemas to administer before notifying the doctor

A

3

29
Q

Surgical creation of an artificial anus on the abdominal wall by incising the colon and bringing it out through a stoma on the abdominal surface

A

Colostomy (diverts stool through the stoma)

30
Q

Surgical formation of an opening of the ileum onto the surface of the abdomen through which fecal matter is emptied

A

Ileostomy

31
Q

How often should pouches be changed

A

Every 3-7 days

32
Q

The digestive tract includes

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, small intestines, large intestines, and anus

33
Q

Tiny elevations called ______, contain the taste buds

A

Papillae

34
Q

What are the three pairs of salivary glands

A

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

35
Q

Saliva is appx _____% water with enzymes and mucus

A

90

36
Q

About how much saliva is secreted each day

A

1000-1500mL

37
Q

Which major enzyme initiate carbohydrate metabolism

A

Amylase (ptyalin)

38
Q

Enzyme that destroys bacteria and thus protects the mucous membrane from infections and the teeth from decay

A

Lysozyme

39
Q

The stomach is in which quadrant of the body

A

Upper left quadrant of the abdomen

40
Q

How much does the stomach hold

A

Appx 1L

41
Q

What is the name of the entrance and exit of the stomach

A

Entrance: cardiac sphincter
Exit: pyloric sphincter

42
Q

What softens the connective tissue of meats, kills bacteria, and activates pepsin

A

Hydrochloric acid

43
Q

Where does the small intestines begin and end

A

Begins: pyloric sphincter
End: ileocecal valve

44
Q

What are the 3 major sections of the small intestines

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

45
Q

Common causes of gastric disorders are

A

Alcohol, tobacco, aspirin, and anti inflammatory agents

46
Q

Most common type of peptic ulcer disease is

A

Duodenal ulcers

47
Q

In the inner surface of the small intestines is the villi, the villi are responsible for absorbing what?

A

Products of digestion into the bloodstream

48
Q

What is the large intestine composed of

A

Cecum; appendix; ascending, hepatic flexure, transverse, splenic flexure, descending, and sigmoid colons; rectum; and anus

49
Q

What are the four major functions of the large intestines

A

Completion of absorption of water, manufacture of certain vitamins, formation of feces, expulsion of feces

50
Q

What is the largest glandular organ in the body

A

Liver

51
Q

Apprx 1500mL of blood is delivered to the liver every minute by the

A

Portal vein and the hepatic portal artery

52
Q

The pancreatic juice contains the digestive enzymes

A

Protease, lipase, and amylase

53
Q

The digestive enzymes are important because they digest three major components of chyme:

A

Proteins, fats, and carbohydrates

54
Q

The hypothalamus contains two centers that have an effect on eating, what are those centers

A

One stimulates individual to eat, and other signals to stop

55
Q

With an osteomy stools may be liquid, semi formed, or formed depending on what

A

Area of the colon incised

56
Q

Ulcerations of the mucous membrane or deeper structures of the GI tract

A

Peptic ulcers

57
Q

Where do peptic ulcers most commonly occur

A

Stomach and duodenum

58
Q

What are the four major causes of peptic ulcers

A

Duodenal ulcers, gastric ulcers, infection w/ H. pylori, gastric injury from NSAIDS, aspirin, and corticosteroids

59
Q

Excess of gastric acid

A

Duodenal ulcers

60
Q

Decrease in the natural ability of GI mucosa to protect itself from acid and pepsin

A

Gastric ulcers

61
Q

What should be voided in patients w/ ulcers

A

Caf/decaf coffee, alcohol, tobacco, and aspirin

62
Q

Rapid gastric emptying

A

Dumping syndrome

63
Q

Eating six small meals a day high in protein and fat and low in carbs, eating slowly, and avoiding fluids during meals and reclining for apprx 1 hr after meals

A

Treatment for dumping syndrome

64
Q

Type of inflammatory bowel disease causing inflammation and ulcers that may affect the deep layers of the lining of the digestive tract

A

Crohn’s disease

65
Q

Where does Crohn’s disease most commonly occur

A

Terminal ileum and colon

66
Q

What is a major problem with Crohn’s disease

A

Malabsorption- contributes to nutrition problems

67
Q

Type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) causing inflamed ulcers in the lining of the colon and rectum

A

Ulcerative colitis

Fundamentals (5 decks)

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