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physical geography > all hazard case studies > Flashcards

all hazard case studies Flashcards

1
Q

what is an example of an HIC volcanic eruption

A

eyjafjallajokull in iceland

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2
Q

when did the eyjafjallajokull eruption start

A

20th march 2010

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3
Q

what plate margins does eyjafjallajokull sit on

A

the divergent north american and eurasian plates which pulls apart

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4
Q

what sort of lava was produced out the eyjafjallajokull eruption

A

andesitic, meaning lava was not very runny and there was huge gas explosions

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5
Q

what was the major concern for people living in valleys

A

the possibility of flooding due to magma melting the eyjafjallajokull glacier

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6
Q

what economic impacts resulted from the eyjafjallajokull eruption

A

-closure of the airport due to extreme amounts of gas in the atmosphere meant airlines lost $130 million per day in revenue
-countries such as kenya were hit hard by the delay of trade
-magma destroyed crop land

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7
Q

what social impacts resulted from the eyjafjallajokull eruption

A

-1000 people had to be evacuated
-ash in the air caused major health problems
-homes were destroyed

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8
Q

what environmental impacts resulted from the eyjafjallajokull eruption

A

-ash landed in the north atlantic ocean and let to a phytoplankton bloom
-the result of cancelled flights reduced 2.8 million tonnes of co2
-destroyed land

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9
Q

how did people in iceland prepare for the eyjafjallajokull eruption

A

-seiismic activity had become more frequent over the months beforehand,
-animals were fed for a few days in advance
-Funding was made available to ensure embankments were enlarged and reinforced to mitigate the effects of flooding on the Markarfljót River
-grass was allowed to grow to trap ash particles

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10
Q

how did people respond to the eyjfjallajokull eruption

A

-engineers broke through embankments to save the bridge over the markarflijor river
-evacuation
-icelandic people received compensation

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11
Q

how did people benefit from the eruption in iceland

A

many people now visit iceland as a tourist destination, for example a museum opened up for tourists to visit, since the eruption it has had over 250,000 visits

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12
Q

what is an example of an NEE volcanic eruption

A

mount nyiragongo in the democratic republic of congo

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13
Q

which city was affected by the congo eruption

A

Goma

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14
Q

what is the population of Goma

A

460,000

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15
Q

what sort of plate boundary is mt nyriagongo on

A

a divergent plate

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16
Q

what sort of lava erupted from mt nyiragongo

A

basaltic lava, meaning the lava was very runny and fast

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17
Q

what primary social impacts resulted from mount nyiragongo eruption

A

-147 people killed
-400,000 evacuated
-exposure to carbon monoxide caused health problems and further death
-12,500 homes destroyed

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18
Q

what primary economic impacts resulted from mount nyiragongo eruption

A

-damage to businessses
-30% of Goma city destroyed

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19
Q

when did the eruption of mount nyiragongo occur

A

17th january 2002

20
Q

what primary environmental impacts resulted from mount nyiragongo eruption

A

- Lava also destroyed large areas of agriculture and Goma’s commercial district, crippling the economy
-co2 was released into the atmosphere

21
Q

why was Goma impacted more than Iceland

A

they are a much less developed country, with many of the population lacking an education. thus means they did not know what to do in the event of an eruption. the democratic republic of congo had also been in a civil war previous to the eruption so there was a lack of help from thr government

22
Q

what were the secondary social impacts resulted from the mount nyiragongo eruption

A

-350,000 people fled over the border to Rwanda as they were made homeless
-the eruption was followed by several earthquakes measuring 5 on the richter scale
-diseases such as cholera spread to camps

23
Q

what % of the population became unemployed due to the mount nyiragongo eruption

A

95%

24
Q

what secondary economic impacts resulted from the mount nyiragongo eruption

A

-looting of stores
-goma became dependant on foreign aid
-90% economy unemployed

25
Q

how did people respond to the mount nyiragongo eruption

A
  • the usa provided $50,000 and 3 sesiographs for future
    -children were provided education on what to do for future situations
26
Q

where did hurricane katrina hit

A

new orleans, louisiana

27
Q

what river runs through new orleans

A

the river mississipi

28
Q

what is the GDP in new orleans

A

$37000, compared to the USA average of $57,000

29
Q

what are the literacy rates in new orleans

A

85% compared to the usa average of 94.8%

30
Q

what is the family/marital status like in new orleans

A

there is a larger than average single parent familys and family size. with less family support children are more at risk

31
Q

what was past experiences like in new orleans

A

there had been no major floods since 1927 so people belived they were safe

32
Q

why does the topography of new orleans put people at risk

A

new orleans has a bowl like shaped topography, 50% of the city lies below sea level. new orleans also lies adjacent to the gulf of mexico which is very warm located at a perfect latitude.

33
Q

what magnitude was hurricane katrina

A

CAT 5 but CAT 3 as it passed over new orleans

34
Q

how fast were winds in hurricane katrina

A

280km/h

35
Q

how high was the storm surge after hurricane katrina

A

8.5m

36
Q

what is social mobility

A

the link between a persons occupation and income, and the occupation or income of their parents

37
Q

what is ls social mobility like in new orleans

A

its very bad, for many people if you are born into a low income family you tend to stay like that as there is not many oppurtunities for people

38
Q

how many homes were destroyed

A

850,000

39
Q

how many people died as a result of hurricane katrina

A

1836

1500 due to being trapped in homes

3 as a result of poor conditions in the superdome stadium

many others due to other secondary impacts

40
Q

primary impacts of hurricane katrina

A

-850,000 homes destroyed
-1836 deaths
-destruction of busiensses
-1 million people made homelesss

41
Q

swcondary impacts of hurricane katrina

A

-3 million people left without electricity
-sewage and oil contaminated drinking water
-law and order broke down with widespread looting for supplies
-deaths in superdome due to poor conditions
-failing of the government led to a lack of faith in FEMA

42
Q

what are two contrasting areas in new orleans

A

gentilly and uptown

43
Q

gentilly vs uptown

A

there is huge racial segregation within new orleans, uptown is situated much further away from the coast then gentilly and is higher upland where there was no flooding, uptown is 73% caucasian whereas gentilly is 78% african american. house prices are much higher in uptown which forces many low income african americans to purchase homes in gentilly where they are at risk. therse homes are generally one story high compared to two storys in uptown. households in gentilly were let down by the government as they were provided no help in evacuating, they are also too poor to afford cards which meant barely any could leave. households in gentilly felt betrayed by the government as they were given no support. insurance for people living in gentill is also too expensive so after the hazard they found it very hard to regain a normal lifestyle.

44
Q

why were people from gentilly shot by people from uptown

A

people from gentilly were desperate and poor so went to uptown to loot supplies, but home owners and neighbours shot people caught trespassing

45
Q

what short term responses were there after hurricane katrina

A

-evacuation to the superdome stadium
-national guard sent 7000 active troops

46
Q

what long term responses were there after huricane katrina

A
  • 220 miles of floodwalls
    -the red cross propvided emdical help for 600,000 people
    -fema had over 20,000 houses cleared

physical geography (16 decks)

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