Lecture 16 - Sex Differences Flashcards

1
Q

testosterone leads to…

A
  • inc bone formation, larger bones
  • inc protein synthesis, larger muscle
  • inc EPO secretion, inc red blood cell production
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2
Q

estrogen leads to…

A
  • inc fat deposition (lipoprotein lipase)
  • faster, more brief bone growth
  • shorter stature, lower total body mass
  • inc fat mass, percent body fat
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3
Q

muscle strength between sexes

A

Muscle strength differs between sexes
upper body: women 40-60% weaker
lower body: women 25-30% weaker
- due to total muse mass difference, NOT
difference in innate muscle mechanisms
No strength disparity when expressed per unit of muscle cross-sectional area

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4
Q

Causes of upper body strength disparity

A
  • women have more muscle mass in lower body
  • women utilize lower body strength more
  • altered neuromuscular mechanisms
    this is not necessarily tru in 2023
  • women have smaller cross sectional area
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5
Q

proportion of muscle fibre types in men vs women

A

Men
1. Type 2a
2. type 1
3. type 2x
Women
1. type 1
2. type 2a
3. type 2x
important when considering strength vs aerobic disparities

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6
Q

physiological response of the cardiovascular system to acute exercise

A
  • CVS function differs greatly between M/F
    For same ABSOLUTE submaximal workload
  • same CO
  • Women: lower stroke volume, Higher HR (compenstory)
  • smaller hearts, lower blood volume
    For same RELATIVE submaximal workload
  • Women: HR slightly inc, SV dec, CO dec
  • leads to dec O2 consumption
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7
Q

how do women compensate for decreased amounts of hemaglobin (at submaximal intensity)

A

compensate or decrease hemaglobin via increasing (a-v)O2 differences
- lower hemaglobin means lower oxidative potential
- (a-v)O2 difference untimately limited, too

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8
Q

sex differences that we see in respiratory function

A
  • differences are due to differences in lung volume, and body size
  • similar breathing frequency at same relative workload
  • women increase frequency at same absolute workload
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9
Q

are untrained and trained physiological responses to acute exercise fair when doing sex comparisons

A

Womens VO2 < Mens VO2
Untrained sex comparisons are unfair
- considering past dats, the male test subjects were non athletes but active and female were sedentary non athletes
Trained sex comparisons are better
- similar level of condition between sexes

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10
Q

which factors limit womens VO2 max

A

womens lower hemoglobin and lower CO
- SV limited by heart size, plasma volume
- plasma volume loading in womens help

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11
Q

sex differences in lactate and lactate threshold

A
  • peak lactate concentration lower in women
  • women are more type 1
  • lactate threshold occurs at same percent of VO2
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12
Q

body comp changes in M/W with exercise training

A
  • decrease in total body mass, fat free mass, percent body fat
  • increase in FFM (more with strength vs endurance)
  • weight bearing exercise maintains bone mineral density
  • connective tissue injury not related to sex (biomechanics plays the role, not physiological)
    ~~same in men and women~~
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13
Q

strength gains in M/W

A
  • less hypertrophy in women vs men, though some studies show similar gains
  • neural mechanism more important for women
  • for a given BW, trained men have more FFM than trained women (consider fewer trained women in studies)
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14
Q

cardioRespiratory adaptations to exercise training

A

CRS changes are not sex specific

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15
Q

are VO2 changes sex specific

A

NO
- both will adapt with training
- lactate threshold wil increase
- blood lac for given work rate dec.

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16
Q

sex comparisons of sport performance

A

Men outperform women by all objective standards of comp
- gap is narrowing
- can’t take body comp out of to make performance objective
Women’s performance drastically improved over last 30-40yrs
- due to society allowing them to train harder

17
Q

special issues we must consider with sex comparison; literature has tended to ignore some of these

A
  • menstruation, munstrual dysfunction
  • pregnancy
  • osteoporosis
  • female athlete triad
  • menopause
18
Q

phases of menstruation

A
  • mentrual (flow) phase
  • proliferation phase (estrogen)
  • ovulation: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • secretory phase (estrogen, progesterone)
    cycle length can vary ~28 days
19
Q

impact of menstruation on the adaptation to exercise

A

We have no reliable date to indicate that athletic performance is altered by different phases of the menstrual cycle

20
Q

menarche

A

first period
- may be delayed in certain sports (i.e. gymnastics)
- delayed menarche is when it happens after age 14
- delayed menarche individuals may attract them to a certain sport

21
Q

types of mentrual dysfunction

A

Eumenorrhea: normal
Oligomenorrhea: irregular
Amenorrhea (primary, secondary): absent
- can affect 5-66% of athletes

22
Q

secondary amenorrhea

A

caused by energy deficit (inadequate caloric intake)
- as long as caloric intake is adequate, exercise does not lead to secondary amenorrhea

22
Q

PA recomendation for pregnant ppl

A
  • mild to moderate exercise 3x a week
  • no supine exercise after first trimester (baby is heavy enough to put pressure on O2 delivery)
  • stop when fatiguing
  • non weight bearing activities are prefereable
  • low risk of falling and loss of balance
  • ensure adequate caloric intake
23
Q

osteopenia vs osteoporosis

A

Osteopenia is a loss of bone mineral density (BMD) that weakens bones
- risk greater in women especially after menopause
- slowed and maintained by weight bearing exercises
Major contributing factors
- estrogen deficienty
- inadequate calcium intake
- inadequate PA
- amenorrhea, anorexia

24
Q

Female athlete triad

A
  • energy deficit
  • secondary amenorrhea
  • low bone mass
    disordered eating may (not) be involved
    treatment is to increase caloric intake and decreases activity (in some cases)