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Biology GCSE > The Heart and Health > Flashcards

The Heart and Health Flashcards

1
Q

what colour is oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

A

oxygenated = bright red, deoxygenated = dark red almost purple

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2
Q

what is a double circulatory system

A

blood goes through heart twice for every circuit of the body

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3
Q

why do mammals have a double circulatory system

A

to generate enough pressure to keep the blood moving - pressure is lost as blood flows through capillaries inside organs and tissues

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4
Q

types of veins/arteries for liver

A

hepatic

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5
Q

types of veins/arteries for kidneys

A

renal

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6
Q

types of veins/arteries for legs

A

femoral

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7
Q

types of veins/arteries for lungs

A

pulmonary

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8
Q

types of veins/arteries for neck

A

jugular

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9
Q

function of pulmonary artery

A

sends blood to lungs

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10
Q

function of vena carva

A

brings blood back from body

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11
Q

function of right atrium

A

pushes blood into right ventricle

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12
Q

function of septum

A

separates two sides

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13
Q

function of aorta

A

sends blood around body

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14
Q

function of pulmonary vein

A

receives blood from lungs - sends to left atrium

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15
Q

function of left atrium

A

sends blood to left ventricle

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16
Q

function of valves

A

control blood movement from atrium to ventricles and out of body

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17
Q

function of left ventricle

A

sends blood to aorta

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18
Q

function of muscle in the heart

A

contracts to provide pressure

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19
Q

flow of blood through heart

A
  1. deoxygenated blood enters right atrium via vena carva
  2. right atrium contracts - blood forced into ventricle through AV valve
  3. right ventricle contracts - blood pumped through valve into pulmonary artery
  4. blood transported to lungs
  5. blood returns to heart via pulmonary vein - enters left atrium
  6. left atrium contracts - blood forced into left ventricle through AV valves
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20
Q

what is the sino-atrial node and where is it located

A

natural pacemaker which controls heart rate in the right atrium

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21
Q

medical intervention for irregular heartbeat

A

can have an artificial pacemaker fitted, which sends electrical signals to the SAN

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22
Q

how to calculate heart rate

A

60 / time for 1 heart beat … measure distance/time between each peak to find time for one heart beat

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23
Q

do veins or arteries carry pressurised blood

A

arteries carry pressurised - veins carry depressurised

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24
Q

parts and description of an artery

A

lumen, endothelium, muscle & elastic tissue, outer coat - carry oxygenated, high pressure blood away from heart (except pulmonary which carries deoxygenated) - muscle pushes blood around body (creates pulse) - elastic provides stretch for increased blood flow

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25
Q

parts and description of a vein

A

lumen, endothelium, muscle & elastic tissue, outer coat - less muscle & elastic than artery - carries depressurised, deoxygenated blood back to heart (except pulmonary which carries oxygenated) - muscle prevents backflow - elastic provides stretch for increased blood flow - have valves; when pressure falls behind the valve, pockets fill & close the valve; when pressure builds valve is pushed open & blood flows through

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26
Q

parts and description of a capillary

A

lumen, epithelial cells - no muscle/elastic - 1 cell thick (short diffusion path) - where exchange of materials occurs

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27
Q

define breathing

A

a physical process involving a contraction of muscles to move air in and out of body

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28
Q

define respiration

A

a chemical process inside cells to release energy

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29
Q

parts of respiratory system

A

larynx - trachea (surrounded by rings of cartilage) - bronchus - bronchioles - alveoli - lungs surrounded by pleural membrane, & internal/external intercostal muscles - diaphragm

30
Q

movement of muscles, ribcage, diaphragm & volume/movement of air/pressure in inhalation

A

muscles contract - ribs spread out & move up - diaphragm contracts, flattens and moves down - pressure decreases - volume increases - air moves into lungs to equalise pressure

31
Q

movement of muscles, ribcage, diaphragm & volume/movement of air/pressure in exhalation

A

muscles relax - ribs get closer together & move in - diaphragm relaxes & returns to domed position - volume decreases - pressure increases - air moves out of lungs to equalise pressure

32
Q

good features of bell jar model for breathing

A

shows effect of pressure on lungs - represents thorax (lungs, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi) - shows how lungs move (inflate/deflate) - diaphragm contracts & moves to change volume & pressure

33
Q

limitations of bell jar model for breathing

A

no ribs to move - walls of jar dont move so doesn’t represent ribs & muscles well

34
Q

adaptations of alveoli for gas exchange

A

large sa - millions of capillaries & alveoli; alveoli highly folded and rounded
steep conc grad - constantly breathing (new supply of o2 and taking away co2); good blood supply (constantly takes o2 away & brings co2 lungs); moist cells
short diff path - only pass through 2 cells (1 cell in alveoli wall, 1 in capillary)

35
Q

adaptations of capillary in leg muscle for gas exchange

A

large sa - millions of capillaries in 1 capillary bed
steep conc grad - aerobic respiration (uses lots of o2); lots of capillaries (constantly moving blood)
short diff path - walls only 1 cell thick; thin permeable walls

36
Q

adaptations of plant leaf for gas exchange

A

large sa - flat & large
steep conc grad - many stomata (easier for co2 to diffuse); spongy mesophyll provide air spaces; moist cells & air
short diff path - thin leaves; thin cell walls

37
Q

adaptations of fish gills for gas exchange

A

large sa - each gill filament has many capillaries; lamellae provide large sa
steep conc grad - counter-current flow principle (more effective); o2 can move into blood along entire length of gill
short diff path - 1 cell thick between outer layer of gill filaments & capillary walls

38
Q

components of blood

A

plasma, rbc, wbc, platelets

39
Q

what is plasma & its function

A

yellow liquid - carries rbc and wbc

40
Q

what is a platelet & its function

A

small fragment of cell - has an important job in blood clotting

41
Q

arguments for use of blood products

A

plasma - universal; will not harm people - prevent heart attack by maintaining blood volume
blood - prevent death by providing rbc to carry o2

42
Q

arguments against use of blood products

A

plasma - does not contain rbc; does not help move o2
blood - religious reasons; receiving cells from another person; not natural - HIV, hepatitis; worried about infections

43
Q

function & specialisations of rbc

A

transports o2 around body in haemoglobin - no nucleus (more space for haemoglobin - more o2) - biconcave (can be squashed to fit through capillaries and increase sa)

44
Q

function & specialisations of wbc

A

fight diseases - large nucleus (more dna - high level of control within cell - dna instructs ribosomes how to make antibodies (proteins))

45
Q

what causes chd

A

layers of fatty material (atheroma) building up inside coronary arteries, which narrows them and restricts blood flow

46
Q

what happens when blood flow TO HEART is restricted

A

the flow of blood to the heart muscle is reduced - receives less oxygen and glucose for respiration - less energy released for contraction of hearts muscle

47
Q

symptoms of reduced blood flow

A

breathlessness - harder to do exercise - pain (cell distress signals from lack of o2) - lethargy - higher heart rate and bp

48
Q

risk factors for chd that cant be modified

A

genetic predisposition - inheriting genes that increase the risk of chd

49
Q

modifiable risk factors for chd

A

stress (lower work load) - fatty/sugary diet (change diet) - lack of exercise - smoking

50
Q

treatments for chd

A

statins, valve replacement, heart transplant, stents

51
Q

what drug is used to treat chd, what do they do, how does this help, pros and cons

A

statins - tablets taken 1 per day - reduce production of cholesterol in liver - lower levels in blood -PRO - prevents formulation of plaques (prevents blocking of arteries - heart attacks) - easy to take CON - continues for life (dangerous to forget) - interacts with other medicines (may not be fit for everyone) - unpleasant side effects (muscle damage - might no be viable option)

52
Q

pros and cons of mechanical and biological valves

A

MECHANICAL - PRO - not biological tissue (less religious objections) - durable (last longer) CONS - tendency for blood clots to form metal surface (heart attacks) - may not work as effectively
BIOLOGICAL - PRO - work naturally (no blood thinning needed) - CONS - less durable - religious objections - immunosupressents (may get rejected)

53
Q

how does hart valve replacement work, pros, cons

A

removing a damaged valve in surgery under anaesthetic and replacing it with a new one - PROS - can prevent heart failure (stops backflow of blood/leaky valves - heart beats efficiently to supply blood to cells) - no alternatives (no medicines to treat aortic valve problems) CONS - anaesthetic (dangerous - allergic reaction - potentially fatal) - surgery (potential for infection)

54
Q

how does heart transplant work, pros, cons

A

surgery under general anaesthetic - use a heart-lung bypass machine - remove own heart and replace it with a donor PROS - survive (new heart - work more efficiently) CONS - long recovery period - immunosuppressants for rest of life (side effects - vulnerability to disease, weight gain, kidney problems) - complications (rejection, heart failure, narrowing of arteries), surgery (infection - allergic reaction)

55
Q

how do stents work, pros, cons

A

stent placed in artery (guided round body using x-ray) - inflated via balloon - flattens fatty deposits against artery wall - widens artery PROS - decreases risk of heart attack (greater blood flow - easier to supply blood to body) CONS - open wound (risk of infection) - anaesthetic - can cause an aneurysm (cause bulge - rupture - internal bleeding)

56
Q

explain how chd can cause a heart attack

A

coronary arteries on surface of heart - tiny deposit of fat & cholesterol (plaque) - grows & reduces flow of blood
if 1 coronary artery is blocked - can starve a patch of heart cells of o2 - new arteries can grow to fill gap and feed struggling cells - natural bypass - at least 2 days to grow
high blood pressure - rbc smash against plaques - damaged - plaques open - rbc stick to damaged plaque - creates clot
body releases adrenaline to make heart pump faster to get more o2 - clot gets bigger - less rbc to heart
some cells starved of o2 - stop beating/contracting - not enough energy to keep cells in 1 piece - cells die/disintegrate
lungs fill with fluid as blood backs up near lungs and pressure build so fluid leaks - cant breathe
lack of o2 - affects brain - dizzy disoriented confused

57
Q

medical intervention for heart attacks

A

ecg to locate dying patch of cells & blocked artery
TPA medicine - clot-busting drug - destroys plaque/blockage to return blood flow to normal - only works once
cell may beat out of sync - create own electrical signals - clashes with SAN - defibrillator shocks heart - stops beating - makes it reset

58
Q

the body after a heart attack

A

ruptured membrane of plaque heals, but plaque remains
blood thinners to stop new plaques forming & arteries blocking - less cells - harder to get o2 - gentle exercise, no stress
heart cells cannot replenish - permanent damage

59
Q

define health

A

a state of complete physical, social and mental wellbeing - not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

60
Q

communicable disease

A

a disease that can be spread between organisms - flu, cold, HPV

61
Q

non-communicable disease

A

a disease that cannot be spread between organisms - cirrhosis, diabetes, cancers, scurvy

62
Q

what can immune reactions caused by pathogens also cause

A

can trigger allergies ie skin rash, asthma

63
Q

what can viruses in cells be the trigger for

A

certain cancers

64
Q

what can severe physical ill health lead to

A

depression and other mental illness

65
Q

risk factors for type 2 diabetes & why

A

obesity - more fatty acids in blood - insulin resistance causes beta cell dysfunction - body loses sensitivity to insulin (as body cannot use the insulin as it should, blood sugar levels can increase)

66
Q

risk factors for liver/brain damage & why

A

excessive alcohol consumption - liver becomes scarred & can’t process alcohol - liver cirrhosis develops - inability to process leads to brain damage

67
Q

risk factors for lung diseases & why

A

smoking - inflame airways - less room for air - tar coats alveoli - other particles also irritate lung tissue - scarring

68
Q

risk factors for skin cancer & why

A

UV radiation (a carcingoen) - can damage DNA in skin cells via absorption of photons - causes cells to grow out of control

69
Q

risk factors for low birth weight in babies & why

A

smoking whilst pregnant - nicotine causes lower maternal weight sot he baby can’t get all the needed nurtrients

70
Q

risk factors for brain damage in babies & why

A

not enough o2 - ie umbilical cord complications, anaemic mother’s blood, smoking - not enough o2 cant be healthy

Biology GCSE (12 decks)

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